Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in entire clutches of Audouin’s gulls from the ebro delta

Properties, performance and associated hazards of state-of-the-art durable water repellent (DWR) chemistry for textile finishing

“…As for PFOA the bioaccumulation in fish was found to be low (Falk et al, 2015;Goeritz et al, 2013;Martin et al, 2003a,b;NICNAS, 2005) and levels in humans and terrestrial wildlife were also low (in comparison to levels of long-chain PFAS), or not detectable (Bytingsvik et al, 2012;ENVIRON International Corporation, 2014;Falandysz et al, 2006;Leat et al, 2013;Loi et al, 2011;Olsen et al, 2009;Persson et al, 2013;Russell et al, 2013;Taniyasu et al, 2003Taniyasu et al, , 2013Thompson et al, 2011;Van De Vijver et al, 2005;Vicente et al, 2015;Yamada et al, 2014). Field based BCF values are indicated to be higher than those determined in the laboratory, but still below 500 (Hong et al, 2014;Kwadijk et al, 2010;Naile et al, 2013).…”

Accumulation and maternal transfer of perfluorooctane sulphonic acid in yellow-legged (Larus michahellis) and Audouin's gull (Larus audouinii) from the Ebro Delta Natural Park

“…EYI (ng/y) is the Estimated Year Intake of PFOS; 3. yDEP (ng/y) is the depuration rate from blood; 4. TRA (ng/y) is the transfer capacity which is defined as the mass of PFOS transferred to the first eggs (gulls have a modal clutch size of 3 eggs, on a yearly basis, and first egg was considered as is accumulates the highest levels of PFOS (Vicente et al, 2015)). …”

“…In addition, the metabolic process responsible for the maternal transfer of contaminants and the factors affecting this process (age of birds, metabolic rate, body burden and condition) needs further attention. It is thought that, once accumulated, PFOS tends to associate with low density lipoproteins and other egg-yolk proteins synthesized in the adults' liver and these complexes are transferred via blood to the ovary and then reach the eggs (Yoo et al, 2009;Vicente et al, 2015). Considering all eggs, on average, the mass of PFOS in AG and YLG eggs is indicated in Table 2.…”

“…In fact, our target species have a modal clutch size of 3 eggs, so females would eliminate more PFOS than those we estimated. Considering that in clutches of 3 eggs, the first egg account for the 48% of the PFOS concentration and the remaining 52% in the other two eggs (Vicente et al, 2015), the net MB of PFOS in females can be reduced to 25,497 ng/y in AG and 33,166 ng/y in YLG. Still, there was a net yearly accumulation.…”

Embryotoxic effects of in-ovo triclosan injection to the yellow-legged gull

“…Seabirds could be especially exposed to TCS, and in general to antropogenic contaminants, because of their high position in the food webs, specific ecological habits (they are often omnivorous species) and relative long life-span (van der Schyff et al 2016). Specifically, bird eggs have been individuated as a non-invasive tool to monitor the levels of priority (Muñoz-Arnanz et al 2014) and emerging contaminants (Custer et al 2012;Vicente et al 2015). However, the information on the presence and the toxicity of TCS towards birds and its potential maternal transfer to the eggs is still limited.…”