Performance characteristics of the DC-XA liquid oxygen propellant-acquisition system

Grayson, Gary; Cook, Luella B.

doi:10.2514/6.1996-3081

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Cryogenic liquids, such as liquid helium (LHe,4 K, liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ,20 K), Liquid nitrogen (LN 2 ,77 K), liquid oxygen (LOX,90 K), Liquid methane (LMG,112 K) play an important role in aerospace, superconductivity, energy and medical fields [1][2][3]. Due to the light weight, high specific strength, excellent corrosion resistance, good antifatigue performance and designability of the polymer-based composites, the research and application of polymeric matrix composites in the cryogenic fields has become a hot topic, especially in aerospace [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Polymer-based composites materials offer significant advantages in space applications with weight reduction of 25% to 35% and cost savings of near 50% [4,5,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Polymer for Cryogenic Application: Methods, Mechanisms and Perspectives

Chen

Yuan

et al. 2021

Polymers

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Recently, the application of polymer-based composites at cryogenic conditions has become a hot topic, especially in aerospace fields. At cryogenic temperature, the polymer becomes more brittle, and the adverse effect of thermal stress induced by temperature is more remarkable. In this paper, the research development of thermoset and thermoplastic polymers for cryogenic applications are all reviewed. This review considers the literature concerning: (a) the cryogenic performance of modified thermoset polymers and the improving mechanisms of the reported modification methods; (b) the cryogenic application potential of some commercial thermoplastic polymers and the cryogenic performance of modified thermoplastic polymers; (c) the recent advance in the use of polymer for special cryogenic environment-liquid oxygen. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the research development of the polymer for cryogenic application. Moreover, future research directions have been proposed to facilitate its practical applications in aerospace.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Polymer for Cryogenic Application: Methods, Mechanisms and Perspectives

Chen

Yuan

et al. 2021

Polymers

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“…After solving the problems of the hydrogen permeation and cryogenic properties of LH2 tank, MDA and NASA investigated the compatibility of composite materials and liquid oxygen (LOx). The test results proved that composites could be used to fabricate Lox tanks for launch vehicles, and the results sufficiently convincing to plan on building and flying composite Lox tanks in X-33 and X-34 vehicles [26].…”

Section: Lox Cryotankmentioning

confidence: 89%

The Application of Carbon Fiber Composites in Cryotank

Zheng¹,

Zeng²,

Zhang³

et al. 2018

Solidification

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To meet the design goal for lightweighting the next-generation launch vehicles, carbon fiber reinforced polymeric-based composites are being explored for cryogenic fuel tank applications. The applications of carbon fiber composites in liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) fuel tanks were introduced in this chapter. The materials, processing, and design of DC-XA LH2 tank, X-33 LH2 tank, SLI LH2 tank, and CCTD Program tank were discussed. Lockheed Martin LOX tank and Space X LOX tank were introduced. Technology development, materials development, and development trend of cryogenic fuel tanks were discussed. Thin-ply hybrid laminates and out-of-autoclave tanks are projected for future space missions.

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“…[11][12][13] Further contributions came from McDonnell-Douglas Corporation in 1987 when they conducted extensive research into liquid hydrogen permeation and the low-temperature mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites in the challenging service environment of aerospace cryogenic tanks. 14,15 In 2005, the United States Air Force Research Laboratory achieved a breakthrough by successfully developing a linerless composite tank with dimensions of Φ0.25 m Â 0.46 m. 16 The collaborative efforts of NASA with industry leaders such as Lockheed Martin and Boeing in 2011 resulted in the design of Φ10m composite cryogenic tanks. These innovative tanks showcased a remarkable 30% reduction in weight and a 25% cost reduction when compared to traditional aluminum-lithium alloy tanks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the 1950s, Lincoln Electric in the United States pioneered the use of filament winding technology to manufacture the first composite pressure vessel, and in 1982, they successfully developed an all‐composite tank utilizing carbon fiber and aramid fiber 11–13 . Further contributions came from McDonnell‐Douglas Corporation in 1987 when they conducted extensive research into liquid hydrogen permeation and the low‐temperature mechanical properties of carbon fiber‐reinforced epoxy resin composites in the challenging service environment of aerospace cryogenic tanks 14,15 . In 2005, the United States Air Force Research Laboratory achieved a breakthrough by successfully developing a linerless composite tank with dimensions of Φ0.25 m × 0.46 m 16 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Service load analysis and ply stacking optimization for composite tool of aerospace cryogenic tank

Guan,

Chi,

Zhan

et al. 2024

Polymer Composites

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The integrated manufacturing of aerospace composite cryogenic tanks is crucial for enhancing payload efficiency, reducing costs, and leading the aerospace industry upgrade. Composite segmented tool, which balances internal support and mold surface, must not only meet the requirements of disassembly and demolding but also ensure sufficient stiffness without deformation under loads like winding tension and curing shrinkage during tank formation. This article addresses the challenge faced by composite tool with uniformly thick ply stacking schemes, where the weight increases significantly with the rocket body diameter, rendering functions such as disassembly and demolding unfeasible. A global–local optimization approach aimed at achieving variable‐thickness ply stacking designs for composite tooling was proposed. Starting with a defined segmented tool design for the Φ3.35 m tank, models for calculating winding tension under complex service conditions and finite element models for curing shrinkage were established. Optimization of ply shapes, dimensions, and sequences using OptiStruct was conducted, which achieved a weight reduction of 34.48% while ensuring that deformations under loading met design standards. Subsequently, the engineering trials for the composite melon petal and wallboard corresponding to the Φ600 mm tank were conducted based on the optimized scheme. The maximum deformations for the two components were 0.43 mm and 0.15 mm, respectively, meeting the manufacturing requirements for engineering applications. The results provide a lightweight, high‐stiffness, and detachable tool design scheme for achieving the integrated manufacturing of extra‐large (Φ10 m) composite tanks.Highlights The external load was analyzed through theoretical and simulation approaches. The weight of composite tool was significantly reduced after optimization. The engineering prototypes of the segmented tools were achieved.

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Performance characteristics of the DC-XA liquid oxygen propellant-acquisition system

Cited by 5 publications

References 1 publication

A Review of the Polymer for Cryogenic Application: Methods, Mechanisms and Perspectives

A Review of the Polymer for Cryogenic Application: Methods, Mechanisms and Perspectives

The Application of Carbon Fiber Composites in Cryotank

Service load analysis and ply stacking optimization for composite tool of aerospace cryogenic tank

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