Performance Evaluation of a BESS Unit for Black Start and Seamless Islanding Operation

Abstract

The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the overall performance of a battery energy storage system (BESS) during I) grid-connected, II) black start, and III) islanded operating modes. To do so, firstly, a novel three-mode controller is proposed and developed. The proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller is implemented, including the following three components: (1) inertia emulation, (2) frequency-active power and voltage-reactive power droops, and (3) secondary frequency and voltage controllers. Secondly, to effectively evaluate the proposed controller performance under various grid operating conditions during both black start and seamless transition to islanded operation, a set of comprehensive dynamic simulations using Matlab/Simulink is carried out. To this end, the sensitivity analyses on numerous grid operating parameters, such as pre-disturbance grid power, total installed BESS capacity, battery state of charge, unbalanced three-phase load flows, implemented power-frequency controller parameters, and distribution network types with various shares of dynamic and static loads, are performed. Thirdly, to practically improve the seamless transition performance enabling the demand response participation, a fast-controlled thermostatic load scheme is implemented. Simulation results show that the BESS unit using the proposed three-mode controller has great potential to successfully control the frequency and voltage within allowable limits during both islanding and black start modes over a wide range of grid operating conditions.

A review of battery energy storage systems for ancillary services in distribution grids: Current status, challenges and future directions

“…As a result, scalability of the methodology to a practical system cannot be guaranteed. The methodology can only be implemented in a practical system once the distribution system operator can fully control the DG Izadkhast et al (2022). A similar investigation in Strunck et al (2019) and Strunck et al (2021) determined the black-start capability of an actual distribution grid in Germany that has a high share of BESS and combined heat and power (CHP) plants.…”

“…The effectiveness of the proposed black-start scheme was validated by simulating the actual East Hailar thermal power plant. A controller to evaluate the performance of BESS for providing voltage and frequency support during black-start was designed in Izadkhast et al (2022). It was found that BESS has full capabilities for stabilizing the voltage profile and regulate the frequency during black-start.…”

Reviewing the impact of AI on renewable energy efficiency and management

“…AI contributes to seamless power transfer to DC and AC loads with the grid interface, ensuring efficient energy transfer and utilization (Srikanth et al, 2019). Furthermore, AI supports the seamless transition performance of battery energy storage systems, enabling demand response participation and enhancing grid stability (Izadkhast et al, 2022). Additionally, AI methodologies, such as artificial neural networks, are employed for energy prediction and managing the overall operation of renewable energy integrated smart grids, ensuring reliable and optimized energy distribution (Rahman et al, 2021).…”

Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Problem for Energy Storage Technology Selection for Different Grid Applications

“…In the second scenario, these BESS were used for Peak Shaving and Energy Shifting services. Controlled island operation or black start services can also be provided by BESS, as shown in [43], where the performance of BESS is evaluated during grid-connected, black start, and islanded operating modes to control the frequency and voltage deviations in the simulated grid. Another report [44] described optimal active and reactive power compensation on a continuously loaded power system using BESS.…”