Performance evaluation of hybrid treatment wetland for six years of operation in cold climate

Abstract

In Hokkaido, northern Japan, there are 12 hybrid subsurface constructed wetlands (HSCWs) and most of them are treating high concentrated organic wastewater. One of these systems is an HSCW situated in Embetsu, northern Hokkaido and it has been in operation since November of 2006 to treat dairy milking parlor wastewater. The system is composed of two vertical flow beds and a horizontal flow bed. The inflow and the outflow's flow rates and pollutant concentrations and loads were extremely variable. Throughout its six years of operation, most of the pollutant removals were decently high. Removal efficiencies for COD, BOD 5 and SS were ranging in the 90%. Removal efficiencies for TN, NH 4 -N, and BOD 5 were improving because of the development of the soil ecosystem and the Phragmites australis community. However, the removal rates of TP were decreasing, presumably because of the declining adsorption ability. The accumulation of TP in the first and the second vertical beds had reached its plateau. Vertical beds had high removal efficiencies for TN, COD, BOD 5 and SS. These high removal rates of the first vertical bed may be caused from the efficient removal of solid material that is deposited as an organic layer of the first vertical bed. High NH 4 -N removal rates exerted by the second vertical bed may be due to the recycling of wastewater. In conclusion, the HSCW was working excellently for its six years of operation, and it could be concluded that it has not reached its life yet.

Impacts of Salinity on Saint-Augustin Lake, Canada: Remediation Measures at Watershed Scale

“…Data corresponds to the first year of operation (2012). Higher performance is expected in the subsequent years with the maturation of the system due to growth and development of vegetation and the increase of micro-and macroorganism biomass and activity, as previously reported in adapted constructed wetland under cold climate [44]. Data showed a different removal pattern depending on the element, Cl or Na.…”

Domestic Wastewater Depuration Using a Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland and Theoretical Surface Optimization: A Case Study under Dry Mediterranean Climate

“…On the one hand, the mineral components of the bed, sand and gravel lead to adsorption and precipitation reactions of P with Ca, Al and Fe ions [54]. Few investigations have been made regarding the saturation of the mineral filler, but it decreases significantly after a period of 5−6 years [55,56]. Mineralized peat can also adsorb P by means of an unclear process when its concentration is higher than 1.5 mg·L −1 [57].…”

Seasonal Considerations for Year-Round Operation of On-Farm Wetlands in Temperate Climates: A Review

“…To decrease the BOD in wastewater, microbes consume organics as they are capable of degrading most organic pollutants (Choudhary et al, 2011). Phosphorus removal in wetlands occurs through adsorption to sediment materials and soil (Johnston, 1991;Boyd et al, 2005;Harada et al, 2015;Rozema et al, 2016).…”

“…Constructed wetlands have been found to be very effective at treating many different wastewater types such as; sewage (Maehlum & Stålnacke, 1999;Nelson et al, 1999;Steinmann et al, 2003;Jessen et al, 2005;Song et al, 2006;Avsar et al, 2007;Llorens et al, 2009;Li et al, 2011;Pedescoll et al, 2011;Wu et al, 2011;Garfi et al, 2012;Gunes et al, 2012;Huang et al, 2013;Li et al, 2014;Vymazal & Březinová, 2014;Wu et al, 2014), manure runoff (Sievers, 1997;Dunne et al, 2005;Gottschall et al, 2007;Lee et al, 2014), dairy washwater (Phipps & Crumpton, 1994;Knight et al, 1999;Newman et al, 1999;Schaafama et al, 1999;Kern et al, 2000;Hunt & Poach, 2001;Braskerud, 2002;Koskiaho et al, 2003;Dunne et al, 2005;Smith et al, 2005bSmith et al, , 2005aMunoz et al, 2006;Smith et al, 2006;Mustafa et al, 2009;Comino et al, 2011;Kato et al, 2013;Harada et al, 2015), fish farm effluent (Ouellet-Plamondon et al, 2006), greenhouse wastewater (Wood et al, 1999), industrial wastewater (Maine et al, 2007), turf …”