“…Much has been written on this subject, and several measurement approaches have been suggested (Brown & Svenson, 1998; Chiesa & Masella, 1996; Driva, Pawar, & Menon, 1999, 2000; Hauser, 1998; Pappas & Remer, 1985; Soderquist & Godener, 2004). Nevertheless, literature recognizes that designing a PMS for R&D is a very difficult task, because effort levels may not be observable in quantitative terms, and success is uncertain, influenced by uncontrollable variables, and can be assessed only after long delays (Brown & Svenson, 1998; Kerssens‐van Drongelen & Bilderbeek, 1999; Loch & Tapper, 2002; Tipping, Zeffren, & Fusfeld, 1995).…”