Performance Measurements of Virtual Reality Systems

Chang, Ching-Chun; Hsu, Cheng-Hsin; Hsu, Chih-Fan; Chen, Kuan-Ta

doi:10.1145/2964284.2967303

Cited by 38 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The necessary instrumentation varies from simple observations of the VR equipment (Steed, 2008), to the need of specific software to run (Friston and Steed, 2014), to required modifications of the hardware (Stauffert et al, 2020a). The motion may be evoked manually (Wu et al, 2013) or with a pendulum (Mine, 1993) or a turntable (Chang et al, 2016). Latency is observed from one distant observer with one camera (He et al, 2000), multiple distant observers with synchronized cameras (Gruen et al, 2020) or close observers that are attached to the moved device and the screen (Di Luca, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Measurements need to compare the time difference between the motion of a tracked object and a resulting response on a screen. The observed motion can be the onset of a motion (Feldstein and Ellis, 2020), special characteristics during a motion such as the peak of acceleration (Friston and Steed, 2014), the end of a motion (Chang et al, 2016) or arrival at a predetermined position (He et al, 2000) or a predetermined motion (Di Luca, 2010). A predetermined motion is usually a sinusoidal movement of a pendulum (Steed, 2008) or the circular movement of a turntable (Swindells et al, 2000).…”

Section: Measuring Latencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This review focuses on latency contributions to cybersickness. There are other hardware-specific factors such as tracking accuracy (Chang et al, 2016) that are not covered in this review. Latency describes the processing time incurred by the computer system used for the VR application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Latency and Cybersickness: Impact, Causes, and Measures. A Review

Stauffert

Niebling

Latoschik

2020

Front. Virtual Real.

109

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Latency is a key characteristic inherent to any computer system. Motion-to-Photon (MTP) latency describes the time between the movement of a tracked object and its corresponding movement rendered and depicted by computer-generated images on a graphical output screen. High MTP latency can cause a loss of performance in interactive graphics applications and, even worse, can provoke cybersickness in Virtual Reality (VR) applications. Here, cybersickness can degrade VR experiences or may render the experiences completely unusable. It can confound research findings of an otherwise sound experiment. Latency as a contributing factor to cybersickness needs to be properly understood. Its effects need to be analyzed, its sources need to be identified, good measurement methods need to be developed, and proper counter measures need to be developed in order to reduce potentially harmful impacts of latency on the usability and safety of VR systems. Research shows that latency can exhibit intricate timing patterns with various spiking and periodic behavior. These timing behaviors may vary, yet most are found to provoke cybersickness. Overall, latency can differ drastically between different systems interfering with generalization of measurement results. This review article describes the causes and effects of latency with regard to cybersickness. We report on different existing approaches to measure and report latency. Hence, the article provides readers with the knowledge to understand and report latency for their own applications, evaluations, and experiments. It should also help to measure, identify, and finally control and counteract latency and hence gain confidence into the soundness of empirical data collected by VR exposures. Low latency increases the usability and safety of VR systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measuring Latencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Latency and Cybersickness: Impact, Causes, and Measures. A Review

Stauffert

Niebling

Latoschik

2020

Front. Virtual Real.

109

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“…Spatial tracking performance for the DK2 HMD provides sub-millimeter translation accuracy (Kotaru & Katti, 2017) via an external camera with near-infrared CMOS sensor taking measurements at 60 Hz. Moreover, the DK2 HMD provides high rotation tracking accuracy (<0.5°) and precision (Chang, Hsu, Hsu, & Chen, 2016) via an accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer embedded in the headset, taking measurements at 1000Hz. Reports of motion-to-photon lag in the DK2 HMD are generally excellent.…”

Section: Head-trackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head jitter enhances three-dimensional motion perception

Fulvio

Miao

Rokers³

2021

Journal of Vision

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Motion perception is a critical function of the visual system. In a three-dimensional environment, multiple sensory cues carry information about an object's motion trajectory. Previous work has quantified the contribution of binocular motion cues, such as interocular velocity differences and changing disparities over time, as well as monocular motion cues, such as size and density changes. However, even when these cues are presented in concert, observers will systematically misreport the direction of motion-in-depth. Although in the majority of laboratory experiments head position is held fixed using a chin or head rest, an observer's head position is subject to involuntary small movements under real-world viewing conditions. Here, we considered the potential impact of such "head jitter" on motion-in-depth perception. We presented visual stimuli in a head-mounted virtual reality device that facilitated low latency head tracking and asked observers to judge 3D object motion. We found performance improved when we updated the visual display consistent with the small changes in head position. When we disrupted or delayed head movement-contingent updating of the visual display, the proportion of motion-in-depth misreports again increased, reflected in both a reduction in sensitivity and an increase in bias. Our findings identify a critical function of head jitter in visual motion perception, which has been obscured in most (head-fixed and non-head jitter contingent) laboratory experiments.

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“…To induce users to become more immersed in a VR system, the system generally presents the required 3D scene information through a VR headset. At present, Oculus Rift [11,12], 3Glasses [13], and HTC Vive [14,15] are the most popular VR headsets, as shown in Figure 1. 1. Oculus Rift [11,12] Oculus Rift is a VR head-mounted display (HMD) system developed by Oculus VR.…”

Section: Vr Headsetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction Design in Virtual Reality Game Using Arduino Sensors

Tseng¹,

Chu²

2018

Simulation and Gaming

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Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computer simulation to produce a virtual world, providing users with a variety of sensory simulation, which enables users to feel as though they are in the virtual world. Currently, mature three-dimensional (3D) computer graphics technology can present realistic 3D visual effects. However, system interaction is still mainly through specific interactive devices for system control, such as the Vive controller for HTC Vive. In order to enable the user to control the game intuitively, this study employed a currently popular Arduino technology to carry out design of interactive control devices for virtual reality. The interaction design in this study is based mainly on a virtual reality baseball game. To let users carry out swings more intuitively in the baseball game, this study used actual baseball bat-installed sensors, called "Arduino baseball bat," as a replacement for the VR joystick. The implemented system was roughly divided into two components: a transmitter system module on the bat and a receiver system module connecting to the server host. According to the results, our system cannot only realistically display 3D visual effects, but the Arduino baseball bat can also provide intuitive real-time game interaction for the user.

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Performance Measurements of Virtual Reality Systems

Cited by 38 publications

References 12 publications

Latency and Cybersickness: Impact, Causes, and Measures. A Review

Latency and Cybersickness: Impact, Causes, and Measures. A Review

Head jitter enhances three-dimensional motion perception

Interaction Design in Virtual Reality Game Using Arduino Sensors

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