“…On the other hand, biological processes are environmental-friendly but, at the same time, they could not be effective in presence of recalcitrant and toxic pollutants as well as at high salinity operational conditions due to inhibition effects towards microbial cells [4][5][6][7]. Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is a particular biofilm system where microorganisms are self-aggregated in granules [8] and it appears as one of the most promising biotechnologies able to treat industrial recalcitrant wastewater [2,9] both as synthetic [10][11][12][13], and real wastewater from various sectors (slaughter house, rubber industry, palm oil mill effluents, brewery, winery, dairy industry, landfill leachate) [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Recently, an emerging research topic relating the AGS technology is the peculiarity of granules to bio-adsorb the particulate fractions of industrial wastewater, thus increasing the contact time between microorganisms and substrates.…”