“…Recent advancements in sensor technologies such as contact sensors 1 (e.g., fiber optic sensors, inclinometers, 1 School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China and strain gauges), wireless sensors 2 (e.g., accelerometers, acoustic sensors, smart materials, and microelectro-mechanical systems), and vision-based remote monitoring systems 3 (e.g., high-resolution cameras, action cameras, smartphones, consumer-grade cameras, unmanned autonomous vehicles, drones, and sonars) have facilitated the measurement and assessment of structures under various conditions. 4,5 In the last few years, machine learning (ML) algorithms have been mainly designed and applied in vibration-based damage detection tasks to directly extract the damagesensitive features from measured or simulated vibration data based on sensors and carry out pattern recognition of the structure.…”