Performance of Equilibrium FCC Catalysts in the Conversion of the SARA Fractions in VGO

Abstract

Two equilibrium FCC catalysts of the octane-barrel (ECAT-D) and resid (ECAT-R) types were used in the cracking of a typical vacuum gasoil (VGO) and its saturated (SF), aromatic (AF), and resin (RF) fractions. The experiments were carried out in a batch, fluidized bed laboratory CREC Riser Simulator reactor. The reaction temperature was 500 °C, the catalyst-to-oil relationship was 1, with 0.2 g of the catalyst being used in each experiment, and the reaction times were 0.7, 1.5, and 3 s. The ranking of the reactivities of the different feedstocks was SF > VGO > AF > RF over both catalysts. While the AF and RF fractions yielded more gasoline than the SF fraction, the latter showed the highest yields of LPG. The coke forming trend followed the order SF < VGO < AF < RF. Even though catalyst ECAT-D, with a higher and stronger acidity, was more active than catalyst ECAT-R, which has less acidity and better textural properties (higher mesoporosity and pore diameter), the latter was less affected by coke deposition, considering the changes in the specific surface area and acidic properties after use. Coke impacted more severely on Bronsted acid sites than on Lewis sites, particularly when the AF and RF fractions were used. The stronger acid sites were more severely affected by coke, particularly in catalyst ECAT-D. The negative effect on strong acidic sites was consistent with the increasing basic character of the feedstocks, following the order SF < VGO < AF < RF.

Role of the support and chloride during the purification of 1‐pentene in alkyne/alkene streams over Pd catalysts

“…1(a)): Region-I of weak acidity for temperatures between 400-600 K, Region-II of medium acidity for temperatures between 600-800 K, and Region-III of strong acidity for temperatures above 800 K; the integration of these areas gives the total amount of acid sites. [58][59][60] According to different authors, 61,62 the peaks of weak acidity can be attributed to Lewis acid sites, the peaks of moderate acidity to a combination of Lewis and Brönsted acid sites, while strong acid sites would be attributed to Brönsted sites. The Pd/Al trace shows a considerable peak in Region-I, and a very pronounced medium acidity peak in the Region-II ca.…”

Ethanolysis of glucose into biofuel 5-ethoxymethyl-furfural catalyzed by NH4H2PO4 modified USY zeolite

“…5. The absorbance peak located at 1540 cm -1 was the typical Brønsted acid peak (Fals et al 2020), and the absorbance peak at 1450 cm -1 corresponded to Lewis acid (Oruji et al 2018). The peak around 1490 cm -1 was formed by pyridine adsorption in Brønsted acid and Lewis acid (García et al 2016;He et al 2022).…”

A comprehensive study of product distributions and coke deposition during catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil over hierarchical zeolites

“…This process constantly undergoes different modifications and improvements in terms of its technology and the catalyst to increase its efficiency and meet the specific demands of each refinery [ 1 ]. The feed used in FCC reactors is usually known as vacuum gas oil (VGO), characterized by having average boiling points of approximately 450 °C, which fall in the C20–C50 range, and the catalysts used in these units are composed of Y zeolite, which is supported on a matrix with different characteristics, active or inactive, and a binder [ [2] , [3] , [4] ].…”