“…Since the outbreak of the pandemic in early 2020, sizeable efforts have been devoted to exploring the influence of the pandemic on a variety of assets classes, inter alia , the equity markets ( Corbet et al., 2020 ; Engelhardt et al., 2021 , Zaremba et al., 2021a ), the debt markets ( Zaremba et al., 2021b , A. 2021c ), commodities (e.g., Lin and Su, 2021 ; Sifat et al., 2021 ) and cryptocurrencies (e.g., Sarkodie et al., 2021 ; Wasiuzzaman and Rahman, 2021 ). As the pandemic deepened, governments implemented various health-related programs, economic support plans, and social restrictions in an attempt to ease the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 spread.…”