Performance of Methyl Bromide Alternatives in Strawberry

Gilreath, James P.; Santos, Bielinski M.; Motis, Timothy N.

doi:10.21273/horttech.18.1.80

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Improvements in CP and AITC regarding pest control efficacy by mechanical placement manipulation reported in previous work (Gilreath et al, 2008;Jacoby, 2016;Papiernik et al, 2004;Rodriguez, 2002;Yates et al, 2002) may be dependent on adjusting the sorption/ desorption equilibrium in the soil. Our research suggested that when surfactants are present in the soil-water-chemical phase, the hydrophilic side bonds with water, the lipophilic side bonds with hydrophobic soil particles, and the hydrophobic particles of the chemical allow less adsorption of chemicals on soil particles, thereby allowing greater mobility of fumigants through the soil.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…To increase the efficacy of isothiocyanate generators, most research suggested that residence time and concentration need to be increased (Nelson et al, 2013). Methods of mechanical manipulation of fumigant placement in the soil, including using multiple drip lines, increasing water volume, increasing the depth of application, and using total impermeable film to prevent the fumigant from escaping into the atmosphere (Gilreath et al, 2008;Jacoby, 2016;Papiernik et al, 2004;Rodriguez, 2002;Yates et al, 2002), have been reported in the literature. Although some of these techniques showed some potential for improving the efficacy of AITC and CP, the efficacy is still inconsistent because AITC and CP are not soluble in water (Isagro, 2016;Saeed et al, 1997); therefore, we assumed that, when applied to the soil, CP and AITC are strongly adsorbed on the soil particles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During drip irrigation, polyethylene plastic mulch is installed before the application of the fumigants, and this application method is gaining popularity with growers due to limited worker exposure (Jacoby, 2016;Nelson et al, 2013). Although Met-Na and other isothiocyanate generators are popular and widely used as MeBr alternatives, previous research suggested that soil-borne pest control with Met-Na is inconsistent because application methods seldom achieve optimum distribution of Met-Na (Gilreath et al, 2008;Rodriguez-Kabana, 2002). This is especially important in sandy soils in which lateral water movement is limited (Papiernik et al, 2004;Yates et al, 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Soil Mobility of Allyl Isothiocyanate and Chloropicrin as Influenced by Surfactants and Soil Texture

Almasri¹,

Ajwa²,

Parikh³

et al. 2019

horts

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Methyl bromide (MeBr) was identified as a stratospheric ozone depletory; therefore, the use of MeBr was phased out in the United States in 2005. Chloropicrin (CP) and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) are MeBr replacements. A mixture of CP and AITC is commonly applied to broaden the pest control spectrum. These two fumigants have low soil mobility; however, their efficacy could be improved if their soil mobility were enhanced. This research was conducted to study the effects of surfactants applied at 5% (v/v) for CP mobility and AITC mobility in soils. Mobility of the CP/AITC mixture applied with a nonionic surfactant comprising oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids (nonionic-1) and mobility of the CP/AITC mixture applied with a nonionic surfactant comprising C9 hydrocarbon aromatics and calcium alkylarylsuphonate (nonionic-2) were compared with mobility of the CP/AITC mixture applied without surfactants in three soils (Elder sandy loam, Chualar loam, and Blanco clay loam) during a laboratory study. Nonionic-1 surfactant increased the concentration of total leachate collected for AITC by five and CP by 11 compared with CP/AITC applied alone. Surfactants may influence the fumigant mobility in soil by affecting the sorption/desorption equilibrium. Our research suggested that increased AITC mobility and CP mobility in soil with the addition of adding nonionic-1 surfactant may be due to the adsorption behavior of the surfactant in the soil and the solubilizing capability of the surfactant with pesticides.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Soil Mobility of Allyl Isothiocyanate and Chloropicrin as Influenced by Surfactants and Soil Texture

Almasri¹,

Ajwa²,

Parikh³

et al. 2019

horts

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“…compared with the MeBr standard, but control of nutsedge was not as good as the standard. Also in Florida, researchers studied alternative treatments for strawberry production (Gilreath et al 2008). 1,3-D plus chloropicrin and dazomet, 1,3-D plus Pic, Pic and metam sodium, and fosthiazate (an OP nematicide) and Pic proved to be as valuable as the grower-standard MeBr plus Pic on strawberry plant vigor, sting nematode control, and early and total marketable yields.…”

Section: Mebr Alternatives For Preplant Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status of Alternatives for Methyl Bromide in the United States

Johnson¹,

Walse²,

Gerik³

2012

outlook pest man

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Methyl bromide (MeBr, CH 3 Br) is used in the agricultural sector as a broad-spectrum biocidal fumigant for soils, commodities, wood packing materials or structures, targeting pest insects, nematodes, weeds, pathogens and rodents. MeBr was identified as a chemical that contributes to the depletion of stratospheric ozone, and its production and use are subject to regulation under the US Clean Air Act. As one of the original signatories of the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the United States ratified the Protocol in 1988. Amendments to the Clean Air Act were enacted in 1990 to include Title VI on Stratospheric Ozone Protection to ensure that the United States would satisfy its obligations under the Protocol. The United States committed to a gradual reduction of MeBr use, leading to a near complete ban on January 1, 2005. The Montreal Protocol and the US Clean Air Act allow yearly requests for Critical Use Exemptions (CUEs); Quarantine and Preshipment (QPS) applications as well as emergency uses are also exempt from the ban. Use of MeBr in the United States Prior to the phase-out of MeBr, the United States used roughly 27,000 metric tons (MT) annually (Ragsdale & Vick 2001). Of this about 75% was used for soil fumigation, 11% for commodity treatments, and 6% for structural fumigation, with the remainder used as feedstock in industrial chemical production. The Montreal Protocol set 1991 consumption levels as a baseline for subsequent phase-out schedules. For developed countries, consumption was frozen at 1991 levels until 1998, and then reduced incrementally until 100% reduction, with some exceptions, was reached by a target date of 2005. Within the United States, the baseline level was about 25,500 MT, not including QPS applications. In keeping with the schedule set by the Montreal Protocol, MeBr usage in the US has declined significantly (Fig. 1). Since 2005, only those non-QPS applications approved as CUEs are allowed (Table 1, USEPA 2011a), with other applications being made from stocks of MeBr existing before the phase-out. More than 90% of the allowance goes to pre-plant soil fumigations, with strawberries alone taking up 30-66%. Postharvest uses take less than 10% of the total allowance, with mills and processors receiving 71-92% of this. The * Values are those exemptions granted by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol

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“…Traditional nematicides that are registered for use in the United States include fosthiazate, oxamyl, and 1,3dichloropropene (1,3-D). Fosthiazate has been shown to effectively control plant-parasitic nematodes in a diversity of crops, including potato [Solanum tuberosum (Ingham et al, 2000) •ananassa (Gilreath et al, 2008)]. Oxamyl is labeled for use in perennial crops such as apple (Malus spp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Post-Plant Nematicides for the Control of Root Lesion Nematode in Red Raspberry

Zasada

Walters

Pinkerton

2010

hortte

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To identify a post-plant nematicide to control root lesion nematode [RLN (Pratylenchus penetrans)] in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), a number of nematicides was tested in soil-only and plant-based experiments. In soil-only experiments, soil naturally infested with RLN was drenched with the nematicides and nematode survival was assessed 7 and 14 days after treatment. Fosthiazate and oxamyl reduced RLN recovery 92% and 52% across trials and sampling times, respectively, compared with the nontreated control. Other nematicides that resulted in moderate, and sometimes inconsistent, control of RLN were soapbark (Quillaja saponaria) saponins, 1,3-dichloropropene, and methomyl. In plant-based experiments, ‘Meeker’ red raspberry was established in pots with RLN-infested soil mixed with greenhouse soil and the nematicides were applied as soil drenches or as a foliar application. Nematode recovery and cane and root weights were quantified as measurements of nematicide toxicity and phytotoxicity, respectively. Similar to soil-only experiments, fosthiazate and oxamyl were the most effective nematicides tested in reducing RLN population densities in established red raspberry. Fosthiazate and oxamyl significantly reduced RLN per gram dry root population densities by 97% and 87%, respectively, compared with the infested, nontreated control. None of the other nematicides reduced RLN population densities compared with the infested, nontreated controls. There was no phytotoxicity to red raspberry associated with any of the nematicides.

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Performance of Methyl Bromide Alternatives in Strawberry

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Soil Mobility of Allyl Isothiocyanate and Chloropicrin as Influenced by Surfactants and Soil Texture

Soil Mobility of Allyl Isothiocyanate and Chloropicrin as Influenced by Surfactants and Soil Texture

Status of Alternatives for Methyl Bromide in the United States

Post-Plant Nematicides for the Control of Root Lesion Nematode in Red Raspberry

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