Performance of New Hope and CRYSTALS-Dilithium Postquantum Schemes in the Transport Layer Security Protocol

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a notable amount of research on developing cryptographic schemes that are secure against both quantum and classical computers. In 2016, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) initiated a process to solicit, evaluate, and standardize one or more quantum-resistant public key cryptographic schemes. This process originated because quantum computers can exploit quantum mechanical phenomena and solve mathematical problems that are difficult or intractable for classical computers. This kind of mathematical problem is the basis of secure public key cryptography. As a consequence, in a near future quantum computers will be able to break many of the public key schemes currently in use. However, the challenge is especially acute for devices with different architectures. They might not be well equipped to run the new standards and interoperate with existing communication protocols and networks. In this work, we analyze the performance of postquantum schemes in the transport layer security (TLS) protocol considering x86 as the server architecture and x86/ARM architectures as clients. All of them lack cloud computing or virtualized environments. Our analysis considers integrating the implementation of two cryptographic schemes that were successful in the second round of the postquantum standardization process, namely, Dilithium and New Hope. The performance of postquantum schemes in the TLS protocol is statistically analyzed in x86 and ARM architectures, giving the relationships, the effects and the survival of the analysis.

Privacy and Security in Distributed Learning: A Review of Challenges, Solutions, and Open Research Issues

“…Thus, it is important to evaluate and select the appropriate data masking mechanism based on the specific context and the potential threats and risks to the data. Secure communication protocols: Implementing secure communication protocols, such as transport layer security (TLS) [59]- [61] or secure sockets layer (SSL) [62], is beneficial in safeguarding the model from inversion attacks by preventing unauthorized access to the model and the data it handles.…”