Perinatal Cytomegalovirus Infection in Man

Granström, Marja‐Liisa; Leinikki, Pauli; Santavuori, Pirkko; Pettay, O

doi:10.1055/s-0028-1091566

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Therefore, although CMI is not generally low in infants, the CMV-specific CMl diminishes for a long time during CMV infection. CMV infection in infants is usually acquired during the perinatal period [Ahlfors et al, 1978;Grangstrom et al, 1977;Leinikki et al, 1972;Levinsohn et al, 1969;Numazaki et al, 1970;Olson et al, 1970;Reynolds et al, 19731. Accordingly, CMI is generally weak or even absent at this age, and this is similar to the case of children with congenital infection [Gehrz et al, 1977;Okabe et al, 1983;Reynolds et al, 1979;Rola-Preszczynslu et al, 1977;Starr et al, 19791.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Active excretion of cytomegalovirus (CMV) is common among healthy infants who are perinatally infected with the virus [Ahlfors et al, 1978;Grangstrom et al, 1977;Leinikki et al, 1972;Levinsohn et al, 1969;Numazaki et al, 1970;Olson et al, 1970;Reynolds et al, 19731. It was found that among those infants shedding the virus antibodies increased after infection, but excretion of the virus did not cease for a long time after the appearance of antibodies [Ahlfors et al, 1978;Reynolds et al, 19731. This suggests that cessation of virus excretion in CMV infection among infants and children may not be a result of humoral immunity, but may result from another immune mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virus excretion and cell‐mediated immunity during cytomegalovirus infection among healthy infants and children

Tanaka

Oizumi

et al. 1986

Journal of Medical Virology

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Specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and virus isolation were examined longitudinally to clarify the mechanism of the cessation of virus excretion in inapparent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection among healthy infants and children. We measured leukocyte procoagulant activity (LPCA) responses to CMV antigen and to a purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD), with results expressed as a percentage reduction of recalcification (RC) time. Based on the results in seropositive and seronegative adult control subjects, reductions in RC time of more than 10% were considered indicative of a positive LPCA response. The CMV-specific LPCA response was negative in all infants shedding the virus, despite the presence of circulating antibodies, but were converted from negative to positive when the virus excretion ceased. This suggests that cessation of the virus excretion in inapparent CMV infection among healthy infants and children probably results from the specific CMI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus excretion and cell‐mediated immunity during cytomegalovirus infection among healthy infants and children

Tanaka

Oizumi

et al. 1986

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…In populations of different ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds, from 8-60% of infants are infected during the first six months of life [Whitley and Alford, 19791. Perinatal CMV infections were shown to be either asymptomatic or associated with respiratory syndromes, pneumonitis or hepatitis [Andersen et al, 1972;Stern, 1975;Granstrom et al, 1977;Ahlfors et al, 1978;Stagno et al, 1981;Panjvani and Hanshaw, 19811. CMV excreted in the endocervix, breast milk, and saliva were suggested to be the source of perinatal CMV infections and virus perpetuation [Hayes et al, 1972: Numazaki et al, 1970Reynolds et al, 1973: Granstriim et al, 1977Cabau et al, 1979;Stagno et al, 19811. Recently, in this laboratory, Pinku et al [1982] have demonstrated specific CMV-IgA antibodies in colostrum of 60% of CMV seropositive women by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of antibodies to human cytomegalovirus in Urban, Kibbutz, and bedouin children in southern Israel

Sarov¹,

Naggan²,

Rosenzveig³

et al. 1982

Journal of Medical Virology

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Prevalence of antibody to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) was determined in a sample of 860 healthy children aged 1-13 years in Beer Sheva, in the Negev region of Israel. Three groups of children were tested: (1) urban Jewish children of low, middle, and high socioeconomic levels; (2) 8 rural communes (kibbutz) in which children live in close contact with each other from the 6th week of life under good hygienic conditions and a high standard of living; (3) Bedouin, seminomadic Arabs living in relatively poor hygienic conditions in the desert. Kibbutz children showed a significantly higher rate of CMV seropositivity by the second year of life than urban Jewish and Bedouin children (76% versus 44% and 54% respectively) with a gradual increase to 94% in the 10-13-year age group. Among children living in urban populations a significantly higher prevalence of CMV seropositivity was associated with crowding, but not with other socioeconomic indicators (place of residence, country of origin, or education level of parents). A marked rise of CMV seropositivity with age was found in urban Jewish children in the 2-5-year age group during which time they attend nurseries (44% to 67%) and in the Bedouin children in the 6-9-year age group (59% to 86%) when they first attend school. The data suggest that close contact is of major importance in CMV infection in childhood. The clinical implications of early acquisition and high prevalence of CMV antibodies in the kibbutz setting are discussed.

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“…Midulla et al (1976) suggested that spasms are sometimes the result of an acquired, primary infection, but there is much evidence that acquired CMV infections generally cause no acute clinical symptoms and are without sequelae (Reynolds et aZ. 1973, Granstrom et al 1977.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because CMV can be isolated from a high proportion of age-matched children in the normal population, it appears likely that CMV infection is only a parallel phenomenon to the infantile spasms and not a cau\al factor. For example, a recent study In Finland by Granstrom et al (1977) of SIX-to eight-month-old children found that 36 to 37 per cent were CMV excretors. In another study, Stern et al (1969) isolated CMV from the urine in six of 35 children with infantile spasms, but with such small numbers they could not establish a statistically significant difference from the ratio in age-matched controls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytomegalovirus Infection and Infantile Spasms

Riikonen¹

1978

Develop Med Child Neuro

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SUMMARY At the Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, 205 children with infantile spasms, born between 1960 and 1976, were studied in a search for the factors responsible. In 11 children (5 per cent) the infantile spasms were possibly associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. The number may actually have been considerably higher, as no systematic search was made for CMV, especially in the early years. In four of the 11 children the infection was probably congenital, and was the most likely cause of the spasms. One of the remaining seven children had congenital toxoplasmosis and the simultaneous CMV infection was probably also congenital. The children with congenital CMV infection exhibited severe clinical symptoms in the neonatal period or in early infancy. Two frequent symptoms were persistent tremor and meningoencephalitis. Later, all five children were severely mentally retarded and had spastic tetraplegia and small heads; three of them had optic atrophy and were blind. In the other six children the CMV infection was probably acquired, the clinical symptoms being less severe, and the spasms may have been caused by another factor. In two of the 11 cases immunosuppressive therapy (ACTH treatment generally given for infantile spasms) seems to have caused a fulminant CMV infection. Two children with CMV infection still show signs of a slow virus infection in the central nervous system many years later. RÉSUMÉ Infection à cytomégalovirus et spasmes infantiles Au Children's Hospital, de l'Université d'Helsinki, 205 enfants présentant des spasmes infantiles, nes entre 1960 et 1976, ont été examinés à la recherche de facteurs responsables. Chez 11 enfants, les spasmes infantiles pouvaient être associés à une infection à cytomégalovirus (CMV). Le nombre réel a peut‐être été considérablement plus élevé car aucune recherche systématique de CMV n'a été faite spécialement dans les premières années. Chez quatre de ces 11 enfants, l'infection était probablement congénitale et la cause la plus vraisemblable des spasmes. L'un des sept enfants restant présentait une toxoplasmose congénitale et l'infection CMV simultanée était probablement également congénitale. Les enfants avec infection CMV congénitale ont présenté des symptômes cliniques graves dans la période néonatale ou la première enfance. Deux symptômes fréquents étaient le tremblement permanent et la méningoencéphalite. Cinq enfants présentèrent un retard mental grave avec tétraplégie spastique et petite tête; trois d'entre eux ont eu de plus une atrophie optique et étaient aveugles. Chez les six autres enfants, l'infection CMV fut probablement acquise, les symptômes cliniques moins sévères et les spasmes peut être causés par un autre facteur. Dans deux des 11 cas, le traitement immunosuppresseur—traitment d'ACTH donné habituellement dans les cas de spasmes infantiles—semble avoir été responsable d'une infection CMV galopante. Deux enfants avec infection CMV présentent encore des signes d'infection à virus lent du système nerveux central de nombreuses année...

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Perinatal Cytomegalovirus Infection in Man

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

Virus excretion and cell‐mediated immunity during cytomegalovirus infection among healthy infants and children

Virus excretion and cell‐mediated immunity during cytomegalovirus infection among healthy infants and children

Prevalence of antibodies to human cytomegalovirus in Urban, Kibbutz, and bedouin children in southern Israel

Cytomegalovirus Infection and Infantile Spasms

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