Perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with chlamydial infection: a meta-analysis study

Chlamydia trachomatis and the risk of spontaneous preterm birth, babies who are born small for gestational age, and stillbirth: a population-based cohort study

“…There has been one systematic review of 7 observational studies 14 and a number of other observational studies examining the association between genital chlamydia infection and preterm birth with equivocal findings reported across studies. As a body of evidence, interpreting these findings collectively is difficult for a number of reasons.…”

“…Of those reporting or assuming treatment, some studies found significant associations between chlamydia infection and preterm birth 18,23 while others were equivocal. 14,19 Of studies documenting that the chlamydia infections were untreated 5,6,16,17,30 four suggested an increase in risk of preterm birth but they were all conducted prior to the year 2000 when nucleic-acid testing for chlamydia became widespread. The only study 17 that showed no increase in risk was also the only one to have been conducted after 2000.…”

“…3 Furthermore, randomised placebo-controlled prevention trials of antibiotics (including azithromycin) given during the antenatal period to high-risk women have found no effect on the rates of preterm birth. 4 Findings from observational studies have been inconsistent with most, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] but not all, [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] suggesting chlamydia infection increases the risk of preterm birth. There is similar discordance in studies examining the effects of chlamydia infection on birth weight and stillbirth.…”

From a drought to HIV: An analysis of the effect of droughts on transactional sex and sexually transmitted infections in Malawi

“…Young women aged 15–24 are three times more likely to be infected with HIV than their male counterparts and comprise 31% of all new HIV infections in Sub-Saharan Africa ( UNAIDS, 2017 ). In addition, STIs not only affect women and their sexual partners, they are a special concern during pregnancy and pose important public health threats to unborn children since they are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes that include spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, prematurity, low birth weight, and multiple sequelae in surviving neonates including HIV and STI ( Adachi et al, 2018 ; Silver et al, 2014 ; Gomez et al, 2013 ; de Attayade et al, 2011 ). Hence reducing STIs and HIV in women will likely translate into large societal benefits that outweigh the costs of such interventions.…”

The Association between the Australian Alcopops Tax and National Chlamydia Rates among Young People—an Interrupted Time Series Analysis

“…Among 15-29-year-olds in Australia, it is estimated that for every notification, there are 3.5 cases that go undiagnosed [31]. If untreated, chlamydia potentially leads to reproductive and neonatal morbidity, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, preterm labour, low birth weight and perinatal mortality [46,47]. Current national primary care guidelines suggest annual testing of all sexually active people under 30 years old [48].…”