Perineal outcome and the risk of pelvic floor dysfunction: A cohort study of primiparous women

Abstract

This study shows a relationship between perineal outcome and PFD and suggests that an episiotomy is associated with the least morbidity due to symptoms of urinary incontinence. Additional large-scale prospective research is required to further investigate and delineate the impact of childbirth on PFD.

Pelvic floor dysfunction after vaginal and cesarean delivery among singleton primiparas

“…22 Further risk factors of PFD later in life, unfortunately evaluable only after childbirth, include especially prolonged second stage of labor, operative vaginal birth, and occurrence of significant perineal lacerations. 23 As reviewed by Memon and…”

Systematic review of pelvic floor interventions during pregnancy

“…Perineal laceration during delivery is also associated with considerable postpartum morbidity and raises the incidence of pelvic floor dysfunction. Nulliparous women are at high risk for perineal laceration . In the UK, approximately 85% of women sustain childbirth‐related perineal trauma.…”

“…Nulliparous women are at high risk for perineal laceration. 3 In the UK, 4 approximately 85% of women sustain childbirth-related perineal trauma. Trauma can occur either spontaneously with vaginal delivery or secondarily because of an episiotomy.…”

Assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms in different stages of menopause

“…These changes are also responsible for negative repercussions on the pelvic floor complex, which are aggravated by prior history of traumatic and obstetric injury13 ) . Age seems to be the primary cause of urinary disorders, causing decreases in collagen fibers, declines in bladder capacity and low postmenopausal estrogen levels14,15,16 ) .…”