Periodontal disease in HIV‐infected patients in relation to lymphocyte subsets and specific micro‐organisms

Abstract

Visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI) and pocket depth (PD) were analyzed in relation to potential periodontal pathogenic microorganisms and peripheral numbers of T4+ and T8+ lymphocyte subsets in 10 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, 10 patients with AIDS related complex (ARC) and 10 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). 10 healthy persons served as controls. Periodontal disease in patients with more advanced stages of HIV infection were related to the severity of the systemic disease, and to decreasing numbers of T4+ lymphocytes in peripheral blood, but not to VPI or the occurrence of periodontal pathogenic micro-organisms.

Differential Recovery ofCandidaSpecies from Subgingival Sites in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive and Healthy Children from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

“…Periodontal diseases are characterized by an inflammatory, degenerative, and necrotic response in the gingival and underlying connective tissues elicited by microbial colonization in periodontal pockets (8). The periodontal alterations should be the result of an altered immune response in the periodontal tissues, with changes in cellular and humoral immune responses (1,15) that allow different Candida species to colonize the subgingival environment (2,9,13,20).…”

“…Several investigators have attempted to evaluate the relationship between the prevalence of Candida spp., and consequently between the development of oral candidiasis, and the most widely used indicator of progressive immune dysfunction, CD4 ϩ T-lymphocyte numbers (4,5,8,13,14,18). In our investigations, the occurrence of cultivable Candida species was detected at all levels of CD4 ϩ -lymphocyte counts in HIVpositive children (Table 2).…”

Antibiotic effects against periodontal bacteria in organ cultured tissue

“…Although the etiology of aggressive periodontitis is still unclear, these subjects may be characterized by some defects in host defense system due to rapid disease progression (Kulkarni, & Kinane 2014). In fact, late‐stage human immunodeficient virus‐infected subjects and/or severe neutropenia are associated with severe periodontitis (Deas, Mackey, & McDonnell, 2003; Hajishengallis & Hajishengallis, 2014; Lucht, Heimdahl, & Nord, 1991). Because host‐defensive functions are severely impaired in these subjects, it is quite possible that substantial amounts of periodontal bacteria actually invade inflamed periodontal tissue, and the legion of subjects with aggressive periodontitis may also harbor such bacteria.…”

Detecção e associação de herpes vírus e bactérias periodontopatogênicas em pacientes HIV positivos com doença periodontal

“…A infecção pelo HIV resulta na perda de funções imunológicas, principalmente aquelas coordenadas por células T helper CD4+, e conseqüentemente, na diminuição da resposta imune, resultando no aumento de uma variedade de manifestação patológicas, incluindo as doenças periodontais (Lucht et al, 1991;Lamster et al, 1998 A prevalência de periodontite crônica em indivíduos HIV positivos variou de 5% a 69% (Holmstrup;Westergaard, 1994). Alguns estudos mostraram periodontite crônica mais severa em pacientes HIV positivos (Lucht et al, 1991;Yeung et al, 1993;Tomar et al, 1995;Mckaig et al, 2000), enquanto, outros falharam em mostrar essa característica (Cross;Smith,1995;Martinez-Canut et al, 1996;Scheutz et al,1997;Robinson, 2002 (Lucht et al, 1991;Yeung et al, 1993;Tomar et al, 1995;McKaig et al, 2000).…”

“…Indivíduos HIV positivos (HIV+) apresentaram doença periodontal caracterizada por maior prevalência das formas necrosantes da doença em relação à indivíduos HIV negativos (Winkler, 1987) e microbiota periodontopática similar à dos pacientes HIV negativos, porém, com maior prevalência de microorganismos oportunistas (Murray et al, 1989;Zambon et al, 1990;Murray et al, 1991;Rams et al, 1991;Moore et al, 1993;Tenenbaum et al, 1997;Nakou et al, 1997;Teanpaisan et al, 2001). A periodontite crônica em indivíduos HIV+ parece estar relacionada com um aumento na perda de inserção ao longo do tempo (Lucht et al, 1991;Yeung et al, 1993;Tomar et al, 1995;Ndiaye et al, 1997;Mckaig et al, 2000), podendo haver uma possível relação entre a imunossupressão do HIV, o aumento de herpes vírus e periodontopatógenos, e a periodontite crônica de progressão mais rápida nesses indivíduos. Apenas dois estudos relacionaram os vírus EBV-1, HCMV e HSV-1 e a doença periodontal em indivíduos HIV+ Grande et al, 2008).…”