Periodontal Disease Is Associated With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Case‐Control Study

Abstract

Background Few studies have specifically examined the relationship between periodontal disease and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The objective of this study was to examine whether maternal periodontal disease is associated with GDM. Methods A case-control study was conducted of 53 pregnant women with GDM and 106 pregnant women without GDM at Woman’s Hospital, Baton Rouge, USA. The periodontal examinations were performed by a calibrated dentist who was blinded on the diabetic status of the pregnant women. Periodontitis was defined as the presence of any site with a probing depth (PD) ≥ 4 mm or a clinical attachment loss (CAL) ≥ 4 mm. The severity of periodontal disease was measured in quartiles of PD and CAL. Univariable analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine the relationships between periodontal disease and GDM. Results The percentage of periodontitis was 77.4% in women with GDM and 57.5% in pregnant non-GDM women, with an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.5 (1.2–5.3). After adjusting for confounding variables of maternal age, parity, race, marital status, education, family income, smoking, alcohol consumption, systemic antibiotics in pregnancy, family history of diabetes, income, dental insurance coverage and body mass index, the adjusted OR (95% CI) was 2.6 (1.1–6.1). The adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of GDM comparing the highest-to-lowest quartiles of PD and CAL were 3.8 (1.0–14.0) and 4.5 (1.2–16.9). Conclusion This study supports the hypothesis of an association between periodontal disease and GDM.

Oral Health in Pregnancy

“…Recent studies have shown an association between periodontitis during pregnancy and low birth weight (LBW), very low birth weight (VLBW), preeclampsia, and GDM (Corbella et al, 2016;Guimarã es et al, 2012;Ha, Jun, Ko, Paik, & Bae, 2014;Xiong et al, 2009). Guimarã es et al (2012 showed in their crosssectional study of 1,206 postpartum women that "maternal periodontitis was associated with a decrease in mean birth weight, as well as LBW and VLBW" (p. 1024).…”

Anti‐Tumor Necrosis Factor‐Alpha Therapy and Periodontal Parameters in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…При этом ПД рассматривается как независимый ФР для неблагоприятного исхода беременности, на который мож-но оказывать влияние [15,34]. Кроме того, установлена ас-социация между гестационным СД и ПП [35].…”

Oral health status of women with high-risk pregnancies

“…It increases the risk of polyhydramnion, hypertension, recurrent urogenital infections, Caesarean delivery, birth injury and the persistence of diabetes after pregnancy or its return during a subsequent pregnancy 13 . Gestational diabetes has been associated with periodontal disease in a cross-sectional study 13 and a case-control study 14 . The most common periodontal disease in pregnancy is gingivitis 15 .…”