Periodontal diseases

Abstract

Periodontal diseases comprise a wide range of inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting structures of the teeth (the gingiva, bone and periodontal ligament), which could lead to tooth loss and contribute to systemic inflammation. Chronic periodontitis predominantly affects adults, but aggressive periodontitis may occasionally occur in children. Periodontal disease initiation and propagation is through a dysbiosis of the commensal oral microbiota (dental plaque), which then interacts with the immune defences of the host, leading to inflammation and disease. This pathophysiological situation persists through bouts of activity and quiescence, until the affected tooth is extracted or the microbial biofilm is therapeutically removed and the inflammation subsides. The severity of the periodontal disease depends on environmental and host risk factors, both modifiable (for example, smoking) and non-modifiable (for example, genetic susceptibility). Prevention is achieved with daily self-performed oral hygiene and professional removal of the microbial biofilm on a quarterly or bi-annual basis. New treatment modalities that are actively explored include antimicrobial therapy, host modulation therapy, laser therapy and tissue engineering for tissue repair and regeneration.

Factors associated with the risk of gingival disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

“…Important risk factors for gingival disease include 1) demographic factors such as age, race and gender, 2) genetic factors, 3) lifestyle factors such as smoking, and alcohol consumption, and 4) diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome [23, 30, 31]. Specific genetic markers for gingival disease have not been identified but genetic predisposition is thought important for both the onset and progression of the disease [30].…”

“…Specific genetic markers for gingival disease have not been identified but genetic predisposition is thought important for both the onset and progression of the disease [30]. Although smoking is the major risk factor for RA as well as gingival disease, it is a risk factor only for ACPA- and/or RF-positive RA, and not for seronegative RA [24].…”

Functionalized Asymmetric Poly (Lactic Acid)/Gelatin Composite Membrane for Guided Periodontal Tissue Regeneration

“…Development of new cementum with PDL fibers connected to alveolar bone is the main goal of periodontal regeneration [11] [12]. Based on different clinical conditions, both non-degradable and bio-degradable GTR membranes are used in dental clinics.…”

Periodontal status among elderly inhabitants of northern Manhattan: The WHICAP ancillary study of oral health

“…With edentulism decreasing, tooth retention in older dentate persons increasing, and age-associated comorbidities on the rise (Lamster, 2016), the oral health care needs of the elderly continue to grow and become increasingly complex. Periodontitis, an inflammatory, bacterially-driven disease of the tooth-supporting structures (Kinane et al, 2017) is widely prevalent and particularly so in older ages (Kassebaum et al, 2014). Apart from its significant contribution to tooth loss and its effects on oral function, periodontitis negatively affects a person’s social and emotional health and overall quality of life (Papapanou and Susin, 2017), and is also a significant source of systemic inflammation (Kebschull et al, 2010).…”