Periodontal diseases

Abstract

The periodontal diseases are highly prevalent and can affect up to 90% of the worldwide population. Gingivitis, the mildest form of periodontal disease, is caused by the bacterial biofilm (dental plaque) that accumulates on teeth adjacent to the gingiva (gums). However, gingivitis does not affect the underlying supporting structures of the teeth and is reversible. Periodontitis results in loss of connective tissue and bone support and is a major cause of tooth loss in adults. In addition to pathogenic microorganisms in the biofilm, genetic and environmental factors, especially tobacco use, contribute to the cause of these diseases. Genetic, dermatological, haematological, granulomatous, immunosuppressive, and neoplastic disorders can also have periodontal manifestations. Common forms of periodontal disease have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, pulmonary disease, and diabetes, but the causal relations have not been established. Prevention and treatment are aimed at controlling the bacterial biofilm and other risk factors, arresting progressive disease, and restoring lost tooth support.

Enamel matrix derivative and bone grafts for periodontal regeneration of intrabony defects. A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Periodontitis is an infectious disease triggered by periodontal pathogenic bacteria and is characterized by pocket formation and attachment loss, ultimately affecting tooth survival [1]. Besides the anti-infectious therapy aiming to eliminate or reduce the periodontal pathogenic flora in order to arrest the destruction process, one important goal is to reconstruct the bone defects caused by the infectious process [2,3].…”

Subversion of Innate Immunity by Periodontopathic Bacteria via Exploitation of Complement Receptor-3

“…Porphyromonas gingivalis is a predominant pathogen associated with periodontitis, an infection-driven chronic inflammatory disease that leads to destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues (Pihlstrom et al, 2005). This gram-negative anaerobic oral organism is moreover implicated as a contributory factor in several systemic conditions, including atherosclerosis (Gibson et al, 2006).…”

Identification and Characterization of an Invasion Antigen B Gene from the Oral Pathogen Campylobacter rectus

“…Periodontitis is an inflammatory disorder of connective tissue and bone that support the teeth [1]. Periodontitis is common, affecting 35 % of adults [1,2].…”

“…Periodontitis is common, affecting 35 % of adults [1,2]. Approximately 13 % of patients develop severe forms of periodontitis, which, if untreated, may result in tooth loss and systemic complications including an increased risk of heart attack and an increased risk of pregnancy complications [1,2].…”