Peripheral Retinal Neovascularization in Sarcoidosis and Sickle Cell Anemia

Madigan, John C.; Gragoudas, Evangelos S.; Schwartz, Peter; Lapus, Jaime V.

doi:10.1016/0002-9394(77)90738-3

Cited by 17 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 12 publications

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“…There are mounting case reports of ocular alterations in anemic or hypoxemia situations, such as retinal vasculopathy,65 peripheral retinal neovascularization in Fanconi anemia,66 sickle cell hemoglobin C retinopathy,67 or idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and sickle cell retinopathy,68 branch retinal artery occlusion,69 retinal cotton wool spots and preretinal hemorrhages,70 unusual morphological features of intraretinal and preretinal neovascularization and of chorioretinal lesions in sickle cell retinopathy,71 peripheral retinal neovascularization in sarcoidosis and sickle cell anemia,72 and central retinal vein occlusion and nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy 70. Blood et al described a retinopathy secondary to anemia from myeloid metaplasia in polycythemia vera 73.…”

Section: Evidence Of Retinal Findings In Anemic and Hypoxic Situationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possibility of enhanced risk of retinal neovascularization in repeated blood donors: blood donation and retinal alteration

Rastmanesh

2011

IJGM

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Repeated blood donors manifest clinical, subclinical, and biochemical signs of iron deficiency anemia, have significantly higher erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations, and decreased tissue oxygen saturation, oxygenated tissue hemoglobin, and regional cerebral oxygen saturation. Erythropoietin and VEGF are potent retinal angiogenic factors which may initiate and promote the retinal angiogenesis process independently or simultaneously. Increases in circulating levels of erythropoietin and VEGF are proportionate to the levels of hematocrit, hypoxemia, and tissue hypoxia. It is suggested that higher erythropoietin production following iron deficiency anemia-induced chronic hypoxemia/ hypoxia may, hypothetically, enhance the risk of retinal angiogenesis and/or neovascularization, possibly by inducing hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha, which consequently upregulates genes stimulating angiogenesis, resulting in formation of a new vasculature, possibly by modulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling in the retina. Implications of this hypothesis cover erythropoietin doping, chronic hypoxia, and hypoxemic situations, such as angiogenesis-related cardiac and pulmonary diseases.

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