Permafrost and indigenous land use in the northern Urals: Komi and Nenets reindeer husbandry

Cryogenic Resources: Ice, Snow, and Permafrost in Traditional Subsistence Systems in Russia

“…For the second half of the 20th century, Russian science has seen a typical decrease in the interest in this topic due to the wide development of industrial technologies for cooled food preservation, crop irrigation, etc. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries due to global warming and an increase in the interest in indigenous subsistence, studies of the environmental values of natural cryogenic recourses have been developed [21,24,[26][27][28]31]. If we compare this situation with the modern global trends, we can see that in the USA, Canada, Greenland, and Nordic countries, there has been a wide development in the study of the environmental value of natural cryogenic resources in the context of studying indigenous subsistence [34,35], changes in the hydrological regime [36][37][38], and Arctic tourism [39].…”

“…More rapid permafrost degradation will have a range of adverse effects on reindeer herding." [24] (p. 1). In the winter, the nomadic routes of Nenets reindeer herders can lie quite a long distance from reservoirs since humans and deer obtain water for subsistence from the snow.…”

“…The main source of the actual information and empirical basis reflecting the features of traditional ecological knowledge of the ethnic groups considered in this article are the scientific publications and ethnographic descriptions made by Russian researchers in the second half of the 19th century through to the beginning of the 21st century [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. In this research, the results of our previous studies were also used, which were based on the field research in the territory of Siberia and the Far East of Russia, which took place between 2010 and 2018 [28][29][30][31][32].…”

Family Story on Land-Related Tradition as Base for Land-Use Management and Sustainable Development: The Case of Indigenous Mentawai

“…Land ownership of indigenous people is communal (5,(19)(20).Tradition of land-ownership in Mentawai culture starts from exploring the forest, claiming the territory of the unoccupied land, marking the land, delineating the land, naming the land, and strengthening the land, making agreement on the land, and remembering the agreement (5).Indigenous people use their land traditionally for herding, hunting, fishing (21), farming, compensation of death revenge, fine, bride-price, sold land, and awarded land (5; 19). The indigenous land as the case of Mentawai may be used for five development sectors like housing and residence, infrastructure, productive economy, government, and social sector (22). The indigenous land can also be used by outsiders in accordance with indigenous tradition (19).…”

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“…22, 24-25]. Практики обращения с северным оленем, базовые знания об экосистеме северной тайги и тундры, основные элементы кочевого быта, включая кочевое жилище (чум), оленьи нарты раз-личных типов (в том числе практики их запряжки, погрузки и разгрузки), верхняя меховая одеж-да и обувь были заимствованы коми у своих соседей -ненцев [Керцелли, 1911;Старцев, 1926;Лашук, 1958;Жеребцов, 1982;Istomin, 2011;Istomin, Habeck, 2016]. Однако заимствование тех-нологических практик следует отличать от заимствования оленеводства как производящей от-расли хозяйства, которая начала формироваться у ненцев лишь в XVIII в. До этого основу хо-зяйства ненцев составляли мобильная охота, рыболовство и, в некоторых прибрежных рай-онах, охота на морского зверя [Головнев, 1989Krupnik, 1993], в то время как немногочис-ленные домашние олени использовались почти исключительно в качестве транспортных жи-вотных и практически никогда не забивались на мясо и шкуры.…”