Permanent proteins in the urine of healthy humans during the Mars-500 experiment

Abstract

Urinary proteins serve as indicators of various conditions in human normal physiology and disease pathology. Using mass spectrometry proteome analysis, the permanent constituent of the urine was examined in the Mars-500 experiment (520 days isolation of healthy volunteers in a terrestrial complex with an autonomous life support system). Seven permanent proteins with predominant distribution in the liver and blood plasma as well as extracellular localization were identified. Analysis of the overrepresentation of the molecular functions and biological processes based on Gene Ontology revealed that the functional association among these proteins was low. The results showed that the identified proteins may be independent markers of the various conditions and processes in healthy humans and that they can be used as standards in determination of the concentration of other proteins in the urine.

Investigation of urine proteome of preterm newborns with respiratory pathologies

“…Urine samples of healthy adult volunteers (second morning urine sample, middle stream) were obtained and analyzed in accordance with the protocol developed in our laboratory [23][24][25].…”

“…Urine samples of newborns were prepared according to the protocol described previously [23][24][25], with minor modifications caused by low sample volume. Urine samples (1 mL) were concentrated up to 50 µL using the Vivaspin 4, 10 kDa, PES, tube ("Sartogosm", Russian Federation) at 1000 g for 1 h at 4 0 C and resuspended in the reduction buffer containing 0.2 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.5, 2.5 mM EDTA, 8 M urea to a normalized total protein concentration (Bradford Protein Kit, Bio-Rad) of 10 mg/mL.…”

Novel candidate genes important for asthma and hypertension comorbidity revealed from associative gene networks

“…There are a number of resources in the world that allow reconstruction of such associative gene networks, for example, MetaCore [27], Ingenuity [28] and ANDSystem [29,30]. In particular, using the developed by us ANDSystem tool, the following studies were performed: analysis of proteomic data on Helicobacter pylori infection [31]; analysis of the urine proteomic profile in control and under the influence of space flight factors [32]; analysis of tissue-specific gene knockout effect and the search for potential drug targets [33]; analysis of hepatitis C virus life cycle gene networks [34]; analysis of comorbid relations of bronchial asthma and tuberculosis [35], preeclampsia, diabetes and obesity [36], glaucoma [37]; search for novel candidate genes of susceptibility to tuberculosis [38].…”

Current state of the art for enhancing urine biomarker discovery

“…Gender, age, diet, exercise, hormone status, diurnal variation, genetic variation in renal physiology and environmental factors create variability in the normal urine proteome [12, 13, 51, 109-113]. Which proteins emanate from plasma filtration versus renal secretion?…”