Permeability of Sand-Clay Mixtures

Kacprzak, Grzegorz; Boutin, Claude; Doanh, T.

doi:10.2478/v.10169-010-0017-6

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…(1). This formula is used for permeability prediction of clayey-sandy soils with a content of particles with a diameter d < 0.001 mm in an interval “a” between 2% and 20% (Kacprzak et al., 2010). This method was selected due to the fact that its assumptions can be met in the tested soils.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the influence of copper and zinc on the microstructural parameters and hydraulic conductivity of bentonites on the basis of SEM tests

Nartowska

Kozłowski

Gawdzik

2019

Heliyon

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The aim of this study was to determine the influence of potentially toxic metals, such as Cu 2þ and Zn 2þ ions, on the microstructural parameters of bentonites and their hydraulic conductivity (K), calculated based on the empirical formulas for clays according to Hazen-Tkaczukowa (formula 1 based on granulometric parameters) and Kozłowski et al., (2011) (formula 2 based on microstructural parameters). Metal ions influence the microstructure changes of bentonites, which can lead to changes in the geotechnical parameters that are used in empirical K formulas. The research was carried out on model clays (SWy-3, Stx-1b and Slovak bentonite), which were modified by introducing Cu 2þ or Zn 2þ ions into the structure. A significant dependence was observed between an increase in the Cu 2þ ion content in clay and an increase in the pore area. Therefore, the value of the hydraulic conductivity was estimated with the use of formula 2, which proved to be a useful tool for determining hydraulic conductivity in the case of bentonites contaminated with Cu 2þ ions. In contrast, the effect of Zn 2þ ions on the granulometric parameters was significant, and formula 1 proved to be useful tool for determining hydraulic conductivity in the case of bentonites contaminated with Zn 2þ ions. The results showed that the behavior of bentonites saturated with Cu 2þ and Zn 2þ ions differed. Therefore, the authors believe that the empirical formulas of the hydraulic conductivity of the clays saturated with potentially toxic metals should be based on the selected clay parameters dependent upon the nature of the ion.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the influence of copper and zinc on the microstructural parameters and hydraulic conductivity of bentonites on the basis of SEM tests

Nartowska

Kozłowski

Gawdzik

2019

Heliyon

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“…(1). This formula is used for the permeability prediction of clayey sand, sandy silt and sandy clay with a content of particles with a diameter less than 1 μm in an interval “a” between 2% and 20% (Kacprzak et al., 2010). This method was selected due to the fact that its assumptions can be met in the tested soils.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of potentially toxic metals (copper and zinc) on selected physical and physico-chemical properties of bentonites

Nartowska

2019

Heliyon

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of copper or zinc ions, absorbed by soil on its physical and physicochemical properties. The change in these properties may reduce the soil usefulness as a mineral protective barrier, for example, on hazardous waste landfills. Parameters such as granulometric composition, effective particle size d 10 , empirical hydraulic conductivity, Atterberg limits, colloidal activity, specific surface area, sorption moisture content, and montmorillonite content were determined. The tests were carried out on model Na þ or Ca 2þ samples of American bentonites (SWy-3, Stx-1b) and Slovak bentonite from Jel sový potok (BSvk), subjected to ion exchange for Cu 2þ or Zn 2þ ion. The content of elements was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Regression analysis showed a significant effect of Zn 2þ ions on the reduction of sorption moisture content w 95 and the increase in the hydraulic conductivity. Nearly complete negative correlation was obtained between the Cu 2þ ion content and the specific surface area, sorption moisture content w 50 , and montmorillonite content (R ¼-0.99). It was observed that the significance of the influence of Cu 2þ and Zn 2þ ions on specific clay properties differed, which indicates different behavior of these metals in the clay-water system. The different nature of clays contaminated with Cu 2þ and Zn 2þ ions justifies the need to continue research on other potentially toxic metals and to further search for prediction equations of the cohesive soil hydraulic conductivity based on soil parameters that are most frequently modified as a result of their impact.

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“…Other studies showed that the mechanical behavior of sand-clay mixtures highly depends on mineralogical composition, mineral structure of clay, clay proportions, temperature, and hydrogeological characteristics [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. Further studies have also investigated the effect of water content [34,55,56], the swelling properties and the suction distribution [34,55,57], the porosity and permeability [56,58], and the volume changes [36] on sand-clay mixtures, pointing out that each of them has non-negligible effects on the behavior of such mixtures.…”

Section: Definition Of Sand-clay Mixturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, the V v + V f is the volume of the intergranular void space. The intergranular void ratio provides an indicator of the influence of the granular phase [30,33,45,56]. It plays a role in the compressional stress-strain characteristics of soils consisting of fine and coarse grains of different percentages [50,75,83].…”

Section: Intergranular and Interfine Void Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Sand–Clay Mixture and Soil–Structure Interface Direct Shear Test

et al. 2021

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Natural soils are usually heterogeneous and characterized with complex microstructures. Sand–clay mixtures are often used as simplified soils to investigate the mechanical properties of soils with various compositions (from clayey to sandy soils) in the laboratory. Performing laboratory tests on a sand–clay mixture with definite clay fraction can provide information to understand the simplified soils’ mechanical behavior and better predict natural soils’ behavior at the engineering scale. This paper reviews previous investigations on sand–clay mixture and soil–structure interface direct shear test. It finds that even though there are many investigations on sand–clay mixtures and soil–structure interfaces that consider pure sand or pure clay, limited data on the mechanical behavior of the interface between sand–clay mixture and structure materials are available. Knowledge is missing on how the clay content influences the mechanical behavior of interface and how the soil particles’ arrangement changes as the clay content increases. Further study should be performed to investigate the interface in terms of a reconstituted sand–clay mixture and structure by interface direct shear test, to highlight the influence of clay fraction on the interface response, under various loading conditions.

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Permeability of Sand-Clay Mixtures

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Assessment of the influence of copper and zinc on the microstructural parameters and hydraulic conductivity of bentonites on the basis of SEM tests

Assessment of the influence of copper and zinc on the microstructural parameters and hydraulic conductivity of bentonites on the basis of SEM tests

The effects of potentially toxic metals (copper and zinc) on selected physical and physico-chemical properties of bentonites

A Review of Sand–Clay Mixture and Soil–Structure Interface Direct Shear Test

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