Permeability of Sands in the Coastal Areas of the Southern Baltic Sea: Mapping a Grain-size Related Sediment Property

Förster, Stefan; Bobertz, Bernd; Bohling, Björn

doi:10.1023/b:aqua.0000022953.52275.8b

Cited by 48 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Furthermore, permeability (k) in Baltic sediments is almost an order of magnitude lower than in other seas reflecting lower hydrodynamic energy. In the southern area of the Baltic Sea k is on the order of 2-8 × 10 −12 m −2 (Forster et al, 2003), reaching maximum values of ∼10 −11 m −2 . In contrast, the North Sea has k well in excess of 10 −11 m −2 (Janssen et al, 2005) and Gihring et al (2010) also report values well above 10 −11 for the Gulf of Mexico.…”

Section: Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Denitrification in sediments as a major nitrogen sink in the Baltic Sea: an extrapolation using sediment characteristics

et al. 2010

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Abstract.Rates of denitrification in sediments were measured with the isotope pairing technique at different sites in the southern and central Baltic Sea. The rates varied between 0.5 µmol N m −2 h −1 in sands and 28.7 µmol N m −2 h −1 in muddy sediments and showed a good correlation to the organic carbon contents of the surface sediments. N-removal rates via sedimentary denitrification were estimated for the entire Baltic Sea calculating sediment specific denitrification rates and interpolating them to the whole Baltic Sea area. Another approach was carried out by using the relationship between the organic carbon content and the rate of denitrification. The N-removal by denitrification in sediments varied between 426-652 kt N a −1 , which is around 48-73% of the external N inputs delivered via rivers, coastal point sources, and atmospheric deposition. Moreover, an expansion of the anoxic bottom areas was considered under the assumption of a rising oxycline from 100 to 80 m water depth. This leads to an increase of the area with anoxic conditions and an overall decrease in sedimentary denitrification by 14%. Overall, we show here that this type of data extrapolation is a powerful tool to estimate the nitrogen losses for a whole coastal sea and may be applicable to other coastal regions and enclosed seas.

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Section: Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Denitrification in sediments as a major nitrogen sink in the Baltic Sea: an extrapolation using sediment characteristics

et al. 2010

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“…k was averaged for each height and sample, corrected for temperature effects on viscosity and converted to permeability (K m ) (Eq. 2): (2) where μ = dynamic viscosity at bottom water temperature and salinity (Pa·s), ρ = density at bottom water temperature and salinity (kg m (Forster et al 2003).…”

Section: Sediment Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fine material such as silt or organic particles can accumulate in the open pore space of sand when water flow is not strong enough to remove it. Such accumulation of fine material reduces the permeability of the sediment drastically , Forster et al 2003 and can ultimately exclude advective pore water flow, leaving diffusion and potentially bioirrigation as the main transport mechanisms of matter into the sediment. Sandy sediments in the Öre (April) and 11 (August) profiles (weighted-average gridding, quality limit 3, non-linear colour scale) using Ocean Data View (Schlitzer 2015 Estuary are prone to clogging of pore space due to the silt-and clay-dominated riverine particle load (Forsgren & Jansson 1993) and the long particle retention time within the estuary (>1 yr; Brydsten & Jansson 1989).…”

Section: Estuarine Sediment Characteristics and Oxygenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Advective pore water flow through permeable sands creates complex vertical and horizontal redox zones and thereby complicates measurement methodology (Huettel et al 2014). However, not all sandy sediments are permeable enough to enable pore water flow , Forster et al 2003; in such non-permeable sands, the application of standard diffusive methods for denitrification measurements is possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Denitrification in an oligotrophic estuary: a delayed sink for riverine nitrate

Hellemann¹,

Tallberg²,

Bartl

et al. 2017

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Estuaries are often seen as natural filters of riverine nitrate, but knowledge of this nitrogen sink in oligotrophic systems is limited. We measured spring and summer dinitrogen production (denitrification, anammox) in muddy and non-permeable sandy sediments of an oligotrophic estuary in the northern Baltic Sea, to estimate its function in mitigating the riverine nitrate load. Both sediment types had similar denitrification rates, and no anammox was detected. In spring at high nitrate loading, denitrification was limited by likely low availability of labile organic carbon. In summer, the average denitrification rate was ~138 μmol N m. The corresponding estuarine nitrogen removal for August was ~1.2 t, of which ~93% was removed by coupled nitrification−denitrification. Particulate matter in the estuary was mainly phytoplankton derived (> 70% in surface waters) and likely based on the riverine nitrate which was not removed by direct denitrification due to water column stratification. Subsequently settling particles served as a link between the otherwise uncoupled nitrate in surface waters and benthic nitrogen removal. We suggest that the riverine nitrate brought into the oligotrophic estuary during the spring flood is gradually, and with a time delay, removed by benthic denitrification after being temporarily 'trapped' in phytoplankton particulate matter. The oligotrophic system is not likely to face eutrophication from increasing nitrogen loading due to phosphorus limitation. In response, coupled nitrification−denitrification rates are likely to stay constant, which might increase the future export of nitrate to the open sea and decrease the estuary's function as a nitrogen sink relative to the load.

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“…Meynsman et al 2007), and also in the study of arrays of point measurements in field settings. While understanding of the governing principles and mapping of potentially active sediments advances (Forster et al 2003), and technical bottlenecks for field-based quantitative research are overcome (see above), the modeling of porewater advection per se, as well as predicting its impact on the local or global geochemical cycles, remains a difficult task (Elliot & Brooks 1997a,b, Packman & Bencala 2000. Recent studies (Cardenas & Wilson 2007a,b) investigated temporal coupling between turbulent water columns and topography-driven flow in permeable sediments, including composite flow arising from the presence of submarine groundwater discharge, using sequentially coupled numerical formulations.…”

Section: Reconciling Laboratory Studies With Field Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sandy sediments as active biogeochemical reactors: compound cycling in the fast lane

Rocha¹

2008

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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The concept of assessing benthic biogeochemical standing stocks as an ecologically relevant parameter has been challenged by one of a dynamic nature: in sands, low standing stocks may mean low carbon burial efficiency due to rapid turnover aided by advective interfacial flows. This concept suggests that a large, diverse and very adaptable population of microbes is present in sands, and that these have a previously unforeseen biogeochemical importance. This view has profound consequences for the scientific outlook on the ecological role of permeable sediments and on the methodological strategies used in the study of coastal ecosystems. Based on a review of the current literature and results gathered at a coastal setting, progress within this new paradigm is examined and underlying questions are speculated upon. The evidence so far shows that, in permeable sediments and at timescales of seconds to a few hours, the dynamics of advective flow to a large extent control microbial diversity, the rates of microbial processes, the size of organic and inorganic pools, and even their respective changes. The importance of obtaining further information on the microbial diversity, the structure of different communities present in sands and their link to biogeochemical function arises from recent field studies. What is also clear from the available evidence is that only a combination of different techniques and approaches, some of which are under development on the fringes of previously almost water-tight research areas, will further understanding of the important functional role of microbial populations in benthic ecosystems.

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Permeability of Sands in the Coastal Areas of the Southern Baltic Sea: Mapping a Grain-size Related Sediment Property

Cited by 48 publications

References 21 publications

Denitrification in sediments as a major nitrogen sink in the Baltic Sea: an extrapolation using sediment characteristics

Denitrification in sediments as a major nitrogen sink in the Baltic Sea: an extrapolation using sediment characteristics

Denitrification in an oligotrophic estuary: a delayed sink for riverine nitrate

Sandy sediments as active biogeochemical reactors: compound cycling in the fast lane

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