Permeation of nickel through human skin in vitro—effect of vehicles

Fullerton, Ann; Andersen, Jan Rud; Hoelgaard, Annie

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb02460.x

Cited by 64 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Barrier dysfunction caused by constitutional (eg, atopic dermatitis) or acquired (eg, irritant exposure) factors may augment metal skin absorption . Apart from the skin dose, the state of nickel being deposited onto the skin, and the skin barrier status, penetration is determined by the size of the exposure area, the anatomical site, skin thickness, the vehicle (or skin exudate/sweat), occlusion, temperature, sex, race, age, density of hair follicles and blood flow, humidity, and pH …”

Section: Nickel Skin Penetrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bioavailability of nickel in the skin is increased with occlusion, and an approximately 6‐fold higher dose may be needed for elicitation with open exposure than for elicitation with occluded exposure . Furthermore, the matrix affects bioavailability, and this is increased by the use of nickel chloride as compared with nickel sulfate, and with aqueous solutions as compared with pet . The application of low nickel concentrations (15 μg/cm 2 ) on a large area resulted in an increased potential for elicitation as compared with a smaller area .…”

Section: Thresholds For Nickel Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Nickel allergy and allergic contact dermatitis: A clinical review of immunology, epidemiology, exposure, and treatment

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nickel is the most frequent cause of contact allergy worldwide and has been studied extensively. This clinical review provides an updated overview of the epidemiology, exposure sources, methods for exposure quantification, skin deposition and penetration, immunology, diagnosis, thresholds for sensitization and elicitation, clinical pictures, prevention, and treatment. The implementation of a nickel regulation in Europe led to a decrease in the prevalence of nickel allergy, and changes in the clinical picture and disease severity. Nevertheless, the prevalences of nickel allergy in the European general population are approximately 8% to 19% in adults and 8% to 10% in children and adolescents, with a strong female predominance. Well‐known consumer items such as jewellery and metal in clothing are still the main causes of nickel allergy and dermatitis, although a wide range of items for both private and occupational use may cause dermatitis. Allergic nickel dermatitis may be localized to the nickel exposure site, be more widespread, or present as hand eczema. Today, efficient methods for exposure quantification exist, and new insights regarding associated risk factors and immunological mechanisms underlying the disease have been obtained. Nevertheless, questions remain in relation to the pathogenesis, the persistent high prevalence, and the treatment of severe cases.

show abstract

Section: Nickel Skin Penetrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thresholds For Nickel Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel allergy and allergic contact dermatitis: A clinical review of immunology, epidemiology, exposure, and treatment

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Nickel chloride is more rapidly absorbed than nickel sulfate when experiments are done with occlusion (52–54). Without occlusion, permeation of nickel chloride is reduced by 90% and permeation of nickel sulfate is hardly detectable (51, 54).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation – evaluation of a public health intervention

Thyssen

2011

Contact Dermatitis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Over the 20th century, the frequent use of nickel in consumer products resulted in an increasing prevalence of nickel allergy. Risk items included suspenders in the 1950s-1960s; buttons, zippers and rivets in the 1970s; and ear-piercing jewellery in the 1980s. When subjects allergic to nickel were exposed to nickel in high concentrations, it often resulted in allergic nickel contact dermatitis and hand eczema. In 1990, the Danish government began to regulate consumer nickel exposure as a response to the increasing nickel allergy problem. In 1994, the EU Nickel Directive was passed, a regulation that was based on the Danish and Swedish nickel regulations. These major public health interventions were expected to change the epidemiology of nickel allergy and dermatitis in Europe. Furthermore, it was debated whether nickel would be replaced by cobalt in inexpensive jewellery and result in higher prevalence of cobalt allergy. An evaluation of the possible effects of the European nickel regulations is of importance to ensure protection of consumers and dermatitis patients. This doctoral thesis aimed to evaluate the effects of regulatory interventions on nickel exposure by investigating the development of nickel allergy and dermatitis before and after nickel regulation. Furthermore, a change in the association between nickel allergy and hand eczema was evaluated. The nickel spot test was validated to determine its value when used for screening purposes. Possible explanations for the persistence of nickel allergy were explored including genetic predisposition and consumer nickel exposure from jewellery and accessories. A cobalt spot test was developed and validated. Finally, it was evaluated whether a cobalt allergy epidemic had replaced the nickel allergy epidemic after nickel regulation in terms of increasing cobalt sensitization and cobalt exposure. The thesis showed that the prevalence of nickel allergy decreased significantly after nickel regulation in young Danish women from the general population (18-35 years) and in young Danish female dermatitis patients from a university patch test clinic (0-30 years). Stratification by ear-piercing status revealed that women ear pierced before 1990 had a significantly higher prevalence of nickel allergy and dermatitis than women ear pierced after 1990. Furthermore, the association between hand eczema and nickel allergy decreased in young women aged 18-35 years when a comparison was made between women who were patch tested and questioned in, respectively, 1990 and 2006. Despite the decreasing prevalence of nickel allergy, this condition remains prevalent in young Danish women, as about 10% are nickel allergic. Genetic predisposition to nickel allergy was evaluated by investigating the possible association between filaggrin null mutation status and nickel allergy. A positive association was found but it was also concluded that environmental nickel exposure is of much greater importance. Thus, of 354 consumer items purchased from 36 different stores in Copenhagen, 22% released ni...

show abstract

“…There is no information, however, regarding the routes of entry of metallic Co through the skin, although there is some information in the literature regarding skin permeation of nickel salts that may be taken as a starting point (Fullerton et al 1986(Fullerton et al , 1988Hostynek et al 2001aHostynek et al , 2001bTanojo et al 2001). Some additional data are available about metallic nickel release from coins (Liden and Carter 2001) when they are immersed in synthetic sweat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%