Permeation of Silver Sulfadiazine Into TEMPO-Oxidized Bacterial Cellulose as an Antibacterial Agent

Abstract

Surface oxidation of bacterial cellulose (BC) was done with the TEMPO-mediated oxidation mechanism system. After that, TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose (TOBC) was impregnated with silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) to prepare nanocomposite membranes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was carried out to determine the existence of aldehyde groups on BC nanofibers and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated the degree of crystallinity. FESEM analysis revealed the impregnation of AgSD nanoparticles at TOBC nanocomposites with the average diameter size ranging from 11 nm to 17.5 nm. The sample OBCS3 showed higher antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli by the disc diffusion method. The results showed AgSD content, dependent antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria, and degree of crystallinity increases with TOBC and AgSD. The main advantage of the applications of TEMPO-mediated oxidation to BC nanofibers is that the crystallinity of BC nanofibers is unchanged and increased after the oxidation. Also enhanced the reactivity of BC as it is one of the most promising method for cellulose fabrication and functionalization. We believe that the novel composite membrane could be a potential candidate for biomedical applications like wound dressing, BC scaffold, and tissue engineering.

Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Sulfadiazine Cosmetotherapeutic Nanolotion for Burn Infections

“…Overall spectra for all three formulations and the range of peaks remained unchanged, which indicates a lack of interaction in any of the formulations. In a study of FTIR spectra of a gel containing SSD and HPMC compared with pure drug (SSD), the major peaks observed were for the functional groups C-H, N-H and S=O at 2982, 3333, and 1040 cm −1 , respectively [36], which is almost similar to results of the present study, i.e., 3009.63, 3434, and 1240.77 cm −1 for C-H, N-H, and S=O, respectively, in the case of the nanolotion; whereas in the case of the SSD-loaded nanoemulsion, these values were 2923.95, 3435.70, and 1165.70 cm −1 , respectively [37].…”

Temperature-Responsive Hydrogel for Silver Sulfadiazine Drug Delivery: Optimized Design and In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation

“…The silver ion of the SSD interrupts the triphosphate synthesis in the bacteria, whereas the sulfadiazine inhibits the synthesis of folic acid in the bacteria. Folic acid plays an essential role in the growth and reproduction of bacteria [ 17 ]. Once the bacteria’s synthesis of folic acid is inhibited by sulfadiazine, the DNA replication of the bacteria is also inhibited, which results in interference with the replication of the bacteria, followed by bacteria cell death.…”

Editorial: Nanocellulose: A Multipurpose Advanced Functional Material, Volume II

“…Similarly, although different types of nanocellulose possess impressive morphological and physico-chemical properties and are non-toxic, these do not possess some desired properties of materials like adhesive sites, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, electromagnetic properties, and catalytic activity, and thus require further modification ( Picheth et al, 2017 ; Vilela et al, 2019 ). Due to similar surface chemistry, all types of nanocellulose are modified by somehow same chemical strategies like esterification ( Spinella et al, 2016 ), etherification ( De La Motte et al, 2011 ), amidation ( Kim et al, 2015 ), and oxidation ( Khattak et al, 2021 ) as well as modified physically through hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, hydrophilic/hydrophobic interaction, and π -π stacking, where the free OH groups of cellulose directly interact with an electron-rich amine group, oxygen atom, and carboxyl group and form hydrogen bond ( Ullah et al, 2019 ). Due to the unique surface chemistry, diversity, and impressive features of different types of nanocellulose, these find applications in areas like biomedical ( Wang et al, 2021 ), environment ( Shoukat et al, 2019 ), textile ( Felgueiras et al, 2021 ), pharmaceutics ( Raghav et al, 2021 ), energy ( Zhang et al, 2020 ), additive manufacturing ( Fourmann et al, 2021 ), cosmetics ( Bianchet et al, 2020 ), bioelectronics ( Khan et al, 2015 ), food ( Atta et al, 2021 ; Haghighi et al, 2021 ), and others.…”