Perovskite Solar Module: Promise and Challenges in Efficiency, Meta‐Stability, and Operational Lifetime

Abstract

Perovskite photovoltaics (PVs) are an emerging solar energy generation technology that is nearing commercialization. Despite the unprecedented progress in increasing power conversion efficiency (PCE) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), up‐scaling lab‐made cells to solar modules remains a challenge. In this work, the recent progress of making perovskite mini‐modules is reviewed. In particular, a database summarizing the module size, performance, hysteresis, and operational lifetimes reported in the literature is built. After analyzing the performance losses from scaling PSCs to mini‐modules based on the data collected from the literature, the current key to high‐performance perovskite mini‐modules is found to be the coating method optimization. If the perovskite layer quality is well reserved, a >24% mini‐module efficiency is projected by only considering the losses from lateral resistivity and laser scribing area. Next, performance characteristics are explored including hysteresis and meta‐stable power outputs that must be overcome to correctly characterize perovskite modules. Finally, current challenges associated with the long‐term stability of perovskite modules are examined and the importance of such durability for commercialization is discussed. It is hoped that the findings in this review provide a bridge for the development of perovskite modules that will lead to commercialization in the near future.

Imidazole-Based Ionic Liquid Engineering for Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency and Excellent Stability

“…The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra in Figure 2a illustrate that the two transmission peaks, ranging from 730 to 690 cm −1 , belong to out-of-plane bending vibration of the C−H in benzene ring of BzMINBr, confirming the successful deposition of BzMIMBr on the perovskite films. 31 The typical stretching vibration mode of the imidazole ring was changed from 1170 to 1162 cm −1 under BzMIMBr treatment (Figure 2b), suggesting an interaction between the BzMIM + cation and perovskite. This interaction results from the electron delocalization of the conjugated imidazole ring, which forms a Lewis base−acid adduct with perovskite.…”

“…We initially investigated the interaction between the perovskite and BzMIMBr. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra in Figure a illustrate that the two transmission peaks, ranging from 730 to 690 cm –1 , belong to out-of-plane bending vibration of the C–H in benzene ring of BzMINBr, confirming the successful deposition of BzMIMBr on the perovskite films . The typical stretching vibration mode of the imidazole ring was changed from 1170 to 1162 cm –1 under BzMIMBr treatment (Figure b), suggesting an interaction between the BzMIM + cation and perovskite.…”