Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and colorectal cancer

Abstract

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and ligand-activated transcription factors. PPARγ plays an important role in adipocyte differentiation, lipid storage and energy dissipation in adipose tissue, and is involved in the control of inflammatory reactions as well as in glucose metabolism through the improvement of insulin sensitivity. Growing evidence has demonstrated that activation of PPARγ has an antineoplastic effect in tumors, including colorectal cancer. High expression of PPARγ is detected in human colon cancer cell lines and adenocarcinoma. This review describes the molecular mechanisms by which PPARγ regulates tumorigenesis in colorectal cancer, and examines current clinical trials evaluating PPARγ agonists as therapeutic agents for colorectal cancer.

Human OCTN2 (SLC22A5) is down‐regulated in virus‐ and nonvirus‐mediated cancer

“…The data described demonstrate that the expression of OCTN2 transporter both at mRNA and at protein level is greatly reduced in keratinocytes immortalized in vitro by infection with HPV16 E6 or HPV16 E6 and E7, with a pivotal role played by E6. 31 Concerning the relationships of the OCTN2 expression with the carnitine homeostasis, that is, with the entire organism functions, the experimental data give information on the plausible relationships between the expression control of OCTN2 and the metabolic changes in tumours and correlates well with the Warburg effect described in tumours. Although the HPV16-expressing keratinocyte tool cannot mimic the complete network of molecular systems underlying the carnitine homeostasis in entire organisms, it gave important molecular information on the relationships between OCTN2 expression and tumour vsdevelopment and/or progression.…”

Short-Chain Fatty Acids Stimulate Angiopoietin-Like 4 Synthesis in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells by Activating Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ

“…PPAR␥ has an antineoplastic effect in many different tumor types, yet its role in colorectal tumors remains controversial (60). In contrast, the anti-inflammatory effect of PPAR␥ in the colon is well recognized (61).…”

Effects of Metformin Dose on Cancer Risk Reduction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 6-Year Follow-up Study

“…5,8,9 Data also suggest that antidiabetes medications can affect the risk and prognosis of cancer. [10][11][12][13][14] For example, metformin is associated with a reduced cancer risk compared with other glucose-lowering agents in patients with type 2 diabetes. 15,16 The actions of metformin as an anticancer agent are mediated through several mechanisms including a decrease in insulin resistance that indirectly reduces insulin levels, an effect thought to be beneficial because insulin promotes cancer cell proliferation.…”