Persistence and Decontamination of
            <i>Bacillus atrophaeus</i>
            subsp.
            <i>globigii</i>
            Spores on Corroded Iron in a Model Drinking Water System

Szabo, Jeffrey G.; Rice, Eugene W.; Bishop, Paul L.

doi:10.1128/aem.02899-06

Cited by 51 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The reactor held 20 removable polycarbonate slides, which were attached to its inner drum. The polycarbonate material was chosen as one of the plastic materials used in drinking water systems, which does not have a rough surface of corroded material [49]. The jacket allowed the temperature to be maintained at 16 • C, via cooled water from a bath circulator (Isotemp Bath Circulator, Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK); this is the representative temperature of drinking water systems in the United Kingdom for spring and summer [50].…”

Section: Flow Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Keystone Methylobacterium Strain in Biofilm Formation in Drinking Water

Tsagkari

Keating

Couto

et al. 2017

Water

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Abstract:The structure of biofilms in drinking water systems is influenced by the interplay between biological and physical processes. Bacterial aggregates in bulk fluid are important in seeding biofilm formation on surfaces. In simple pure and co-cultures, certain bacteria, including Methylobacterium, are implicated in the formation of aggregates. However, it is unclear whether they help to form aggregates in complex mixed bacterial communities. Furthermore, different flow regimes could affect the formation and destination of aggregates. In this study, real drinking water mixed microbial communities were inoculated with the Methylobacterium strain DSM 18358. The propensity of Methylobacterium to promote aggregation was monitored under both stagnant and flow conditions. Under stagnant conditions, Methylobacterium enhanced bacterial aggregation even when it was inoculated in drinking water at 1% relative abundance. Laminar and turbulent flows were developed in a rotating annular reactor. Methylobacterium was found to promote a higher degree of aggregation in turbulent than laminar flow. Finally, fluorescence in situ hybridisation images revealed that Methylobacterium aggregates had distinct spatial structures under the different flow conditions. Overall, Methylobacterium was found to be a key strain in the formation of aggregates in bulk water and subsequently in the formation of biofilms on surfaces.

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Section: Flow Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Keystone Methylobacterium Strain in Biofilm Formation in Drinking Water

Tsagkari

Keating

Couto

et al. 2017

Water

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“…niger," the "red strain," "Bacillus niger," or "Bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii" (5,7,20). In this study, the type strains of B. subtilis and B. atrophaeus, as well as B. atrophaeus ATCC 51189, formerly called "B. globigii," were selected for QCT-2 study (Table 1).…”

Section: Hwmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification by Quantitative Carrier Test of Surrogate Spore-Forming Bacteria To Assess Sporicidal Chemicals for Use against Bacillus anthracis

Majcher

Bernard

Sattar

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The spores of six strains of Bacillus anthracis (four virulent and two avirulent) were compared with those of four other types of spore-forming bacteria for their resistance to four liquid chemical sporicides (sodium hypochlorite at 5,000 ppm available chlorine, 70,000 ppm accelerated H 2 O 2 , 1,000 ppm chlorine dioxide, and 3,000 ppm peracetic acid). All test bacteria were grown in a 1:10 dilution of Columbia broth (with manganese) incubated at 37°C for 72 h. The spore suspensions, heat treated at 80°C for 10 min to rid them of any viable vegetative cells, contained 1 ؋ 10 8 to 3 ؋ 10 8 CFU/ml. The second tier of the quantitative carrier test (QCT-2), a standard of ASTM International, was used to assess for sporicidal activity, with disks (1 cm in diameter) of brushed and magnetized stainless steel as spore carriers. Each carrier, with 10 l (>10 6 CFU) of the test spore suspension in a soil load, was dried and then overlaid with 50 l of the sporicide being evaluated. The contact time at room temperature ranged from 5 to 20 min, and the arbitrarily set criterion for acceptable sporicidal activity was a reduction of >10 6 in viable spore count. Each test was repeated at least three times. In the final analysis, the spores of Bacillus licheniformis (ATCC 14580 T ) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051 T ) proved to be generally more resistant than the spores of the strains of B. anthracis tested. The use of one or both of the safe and easy-to-handle surrogates identified here should help in developing safer and more-effective sporicides and also in evaluating the field effectiveness of existing and newer formulations in the decontamination of objects and surfaces suspected of B. anthracis contamination.Bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent of anthrax, is a sporeforming zoonotic pathogen (3). Its spores are hardy enough for weaponization and environmental dispersal (10); viable spores of the organism have been recovered after many decades from deliberately contaminated sites (6). The more-recent and malicious use of the spores of B. anthracis in the United States (14) clearly attests to the potential of this organism to cause mortality, morbidity, and general societal disruption and reemphasizes the importance of having available suitable remedial measures for countering any subsequent accidental or deliberate release of such spores.The biohazardous nature of B. anthracis mandates its handling in laboratories at biosafety level 3, also called containment level 3 (CL-3), in Canada. The availability of only a very limited number of such facilities seriously hampers experimentation with this increasingly significant pathogen, a recognized biothreat agent. This is especially true for developmental studies on decontamination agents, as such work is often conducted in settings without biosafety level 3 facilities. This study evaluated several potential bacterial surrogates for the spores of B. anthracis to enable a wider search for safer and more-effective liquid chemical sporicides to deal with the threat of anthrax. MATE...

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“…Spores can be used as a benchmark for decontamination of biological agents, including biothreat agents such as Bacillus anthracis, from drinking water infrastructures. Bacillus spores are persistent on common drinking water infrastructure surfaces like corroded iron (4,10,23,24) and cement mortar (21,26) in the absence and presence of disinfectants. Germination has been studied as a decontamination method for Bacillus spores on home plumbing materials (PVC and copper) using L-alanine and inosine (13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B. atrophaeus subsp. globigii spore preparation is detailed elsewhere (24). Purified spores were reintroduced into generic spore medium and cultured for 5 days at 35.5°C.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spore injection achieved 1 ϫ 10 6 CFU/ml in the bulk phase for 2 h. The DSS was chlorinated for 22 h (5 and 25 mg/liter) and then flushed for 16 h. When applicable, a 2-h germination period occurred before chlorination. Coupons were sampled and analyzed as previously described (24). Coupon surfaces were sampled before injection to ensure that no spores were present.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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