Persistencia de un modelo social excluyente en México

Abstract

Resumen. El giro neoliberal que dieron las políticas laborales y sociales de México a partir de los años ochenta exacerbó la desigualdad, la pobreza y la exclusión social. El cambio de rumbo político acaecido durante la última década no fue acompañado de una revisión crítica del modelo económico ni de sus efectos sociales. El Estado adquiere un rol crecientemente residual en el área social, se profundiza la mercantilización de los servicios sociales y se extiende la provisión informal centrada en la familia. Se ha mantenido con pocos cambios un modelo social que protege casi en exclusiva a la población indigente.

Aiming to keep poor Mexican families at the breadline (but no higher): The effects of minimum wage, tax, and social policy changes between 1994 and 2012

“…Recent policy changes in Mexico can be grouped in two types: the reform of social insurance systems, and the introduction and expansion of social assistance programs (Barba, ; Bayón, ; Brachet‐Márquez, ; Dion, ; Levy, ). Table summarizes the core policy changes adopted in the period covered by this study.…”

Has Social Policy Expansion in Latin America Reduced Welfare Decommodification and Defamilialisation? Evidence from an Overview of the Mexican Welfare Regime

“…She placed Mexico in the same cluster as other countries with highly developed welfare systems, but noted that it had lower levels of social spending and fiscal effort, although, as with Filgueira, she did not delve deeper in any case study. In single case studies of the Mexican regime, Barba and Valencia (2013) stressed the duality, segmentation and stratification of social policy created by the particular type of expansion pursued by recent governments, without a specific analysis of decommodification or defamilialisation outcomes; Barba (2016) studied those outcomes but on defamilialisation centred only on gender and social care Social Policy Expansion and Welfare Decommodification areas, and Bayón (2009) argued that there had been a transition towards a residual regime but missed the significant expansion of social policy to labour market outsiders.…”

The Development of Housing in Mexico: A Welfare Regime Approach

“…Nonetheless, home ownership does represent an important source of welfare for Mexican families. Considering that social insurance pensions cover less than one quarter of the elderly population, and that families can only receive income support through targeted conditional cash transfers of minimal amounts insufficient to raise living standards in a significant way (Damián, 2007;Bayón, 2009), home ownership represents one of the pillars of social protection, as in other semi-peripheral countries (Castles and Ferrera, 1996;Allen et al, 2004;Ferrera, 2005).…”

“…After the 1980s, political and economic liberalisation triggered and shaped social policy reforms (Dion, 2010). These reforms have placed market mechanisms at the core of welfare provision, introduced cuts to social insurance programmes and expanded the role of social assistance policies, pushing the country towards a ‘liberal’ regime (Brachet-Marquez, 2007; Bayón, 2009). Changes have not relieved families of welfare responsibilities (Brachet-Marquez and De Oliveira, 2002; Bayón, 2009) and in some cases have even increased them, as the design of new policy instruments has relied on the traditional role played by women in Mexican society (Molyneux, 2006).…”

“…Liberal politicians and policy-makers have been promoting market alternatives in all policy areas for more than twenty years (Teichman, 2002; Rodríguez Araujo, 2010). The tendency is evident not only in housing, but also in pensions, with the privatisation of social insurance systems, or in anti-poverty policy, where conditional cash transfers of minimal amounts have the foremost objective of reducing poverty through labour market participation (Bayón, 2009). The outcomes however, are not optimal.…”