Persistent anosmia following zinc sulfate nasal spraying

Tisdall, Frederick F.; Brown, A. D. Fitton; Defries, R. D.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(38)80128-1

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…It is also known that zinc sulfide and hydrogen sulfide administered into the nasal cavity induces the loss of OSNs (63–67), and anosmia induced by intranasal zinc has been suggested to occur in humans (68, 69). The immune response caused by exposure of the nasal cavity to toxic gases and metals is not well understood, but the regions of the OM affected by hydrogen sulfide inhalation is different from the regions affected by either intranasal Poly(I:C), LPS, or by mycotoxin inoculation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Toxicants-Induced Immune Responses in the Olfactory Mucosa

Imamura

Hasegawa-Ishii

2016

Front. Immunol.

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Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are the receptor cells for the sense of smell. Although cell bodies are located in the olfactory mucosa (OM) of the nasal cavity, OSN axons directly project to the olfactory bulb (OB) that is a component of the central nervous system (CNS). Because of this direct and short connection from this peripheral tissue to the CNS, the olfactory system has attracted attention as a port-of-entry for environmental toxicants that may cause neurological dysfunction. Selected viruses can enter the OB via the OM and directly affect the CNS. On the other hand, environmental toxicants may induce inflammatory responses in the OM, including infiltration of immune cells and production of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, these inflammatory responses cause the loss of OSNs that are then replaced with newly generated OSNs that re-connect to the OB after inflammation has subsided. It is now known that immune cells and cytokines in the OM play important roles in both degeneration and regeneration of OSNs. Thus, the olfactory system is a unique neuroimmune interface where interaction between nervous and immune systems in the periphery significantly affects the structure, neuronal circuitry, and immunological status of the CNS. The mechanisms by which immune cells regulate OSN loss and the generation of new OSNs are, however, largely unknown. To help develop a better understanding of the mechanisms involved, we have provided a review of key research that has investigated how the immune response in the OM affects the pathophysiology of OSNs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Toxicants-Induced Immune Responses in the Olfactory Mucosa

Imamura

Hasegawa-Ishii

2016

Front. Immunol.

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“…In 1938, intra-nasal 1% zinc sulfate was reported to cause anosmia in about one-quarter of the children treated, and was thereafter discontinued [44]. Eby and Halcomb found no reduction in duration of common colds using 10 mM ZG nasal sprays used aggressively each 15-30 min [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc Lozenges: Cold Cure or Candy? Solution Chemistry Determinations

Eby¹

2004

Bioscience Reports

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Common colds were shortened by 7 days in a 1984 clinical trial using zinc gluconate throat lozenges each 2 h. Between then and 2004, 10 other double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials showed widely varying results. This re-analysis of these trials presents solution chemistry methods to elucidate differences in efficacy. Statistically significant correlation was shown between total daily dosages of positively charged zinc species and reductions in median (p ¼ 0.005) and mean duration (p < 0.02) of common colds in these trials.

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“…It was found not only that the desired protection was not achieved, but that some children and adults also developed anosmia. According to reports by the British Medical Journal and the Journal of Pediatrics, of 5233 children (for the most part aged between 3 and 10) treated in special clinics by otolaryngologists, approximately a quarter exhibited temporary anosmia [74, 75]. Unfortunately, the documentation contains no description of the diagnostic method, quantitative details of temporary and permanent olfactory dysfunction, or any indication whatsoever of systematic olfaction testing in the control group [74, 75].…”

Section: Industrial Chemicals With a Potential Impact Upon Olfactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to reports by the British Medical Journal and the Journal of Pediatrics, of 5233 children (for the most part aged between 3 and 10) treated in special clinics by otolaryngologists, approximately a quarter exhibited temporary anosmia [74, 75]. Unfortunately, the documentation contains no description of the diagnostic method, quantitative details of temporary and permanent olfactory dysfunction, or any indication whatsoever of systematic olfaction testing in the control group [74, 75]. Information on the control group and the test method were relevant insofar as recent studies indicate that olfaction is poorer in children than in adults: in the study by Sorokowska et al of 1422 test subjects (aged between 4 and 80), children aged under 10 and adults aged over 70 performed worst in an identification test involving Sniffin’ Sticks with 16 different odours [95].…”

Section: Industrial Chemicals With a Potential Impact Upon Olfactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory dysfunction revisited: a reappraisal of work-related olfactory dysfunction caused by chemicals

Werner

Nies

2018

J Occup Med Toxicol

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Occupational exposure to numerous individual chemicals has been associated with olfactory dysfunction, mainly in individual case descriptions. Comprehensive epidemiological investigations into the olfactotoxic effect of working substances show that the human sense of smell may be impaired by exposure to metal compounds involving cadmium, chromium and nickel, and to formaldehyde. This conclusion is supported by the results of animal experiments. The level of evidence for a relationship between olfactory dysfunction and workplace exposure to other substances is relatively weak.

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Persistent anosmia following zinc sulfate nasal spraying

Cited by 27 publications

References 2 publications

Environmental Toxicants-Induced Immune Responses in the Olfactory Mucosa

Environmental Toxicants-Induced Immune Responses in the Olfactory Mucosa

Zinc Lozenges: Cold Cure or Candy? Solution Chemistry Determinations

Olfactory dysfunction revisited: a reappraisal of work-related olfactory dysfunction caused by chemicals

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