Persistent diarrhea: a persistent infection with enteropathogens or a gut commensal dysbiosis?

Sarker, Shafiqul Alam; Ahmed, Tahmeed; Brüssow, Harald

doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13873

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…These three explanations are not mutually exclusive, but we early hypothesised that the third explanation was the most likely for larval stages ( Vadstein et al, 1993b ) and below we will summarise evidence supporting this. For humans there are now more discussions of whether several diseases, e.g., persistent diarrhoea, are due to true pathogens or due to dysbiosis of the commensal microbiota ( Sarker et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: The Symptoms and Possible Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

K-Selection as Microbial Community Management Strategy: A Method for Improved Viability of Larvae in Aquaculture

et al. 2018

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Aquaculture has the potential to become a major food supplier in a world with an increasing human population, and increased consumption of fish will likely have positive health implications. For marine aquaculture, the production of high quality juveniles is a bottleneck. Survival until the juvenile stage is typically as low as 10–15% for many species, which indicates suboptimal rearing conditions. Substantial evidence indicates that the poor performance and viability of larvae is largely due to detrimental larvae-microbiota interactions. This emphasises the need for microbial management strategies in the cultivation of marine fish larvae. Disinfection and probiotics are the most studied microbial management methods so far. However, most studies on these methods overlooked the role of mutualistic relationships between microbes and hosts, and have not proposed or examined methods steering toward such relationships. Based on ecological theory and a number of experiments, we find support for the hypothesis that current practise in aquaculture generally selects for r-strategic, opportunistic microbes, which results in detrimental host–microbiota interactions. Thus, the challenge is to develop technology and methods for microbial management at the ecosystem level that creates a K-selected microbial community, and by this mean select against r-strategic opportunists. Here we summarise experiments done during 25 years and with marine larvae of five different species showing that: (1) K-selection strategies result in different water microbiota with less opportunists, (2) this influences the microbiota of the fish larvae, and (3) the larvae cultivated in water inhabited by a K-selected microbiota perform better. Improved performance of larvae includes improved appetite, earlier onset of and faster growth, increased survival, and increased robustness to stress. K-selection as a method for management of the microbial community is a robust approach that allows steering of host–microbiota interactions in larviculture toward mutualism. It could also be applicable for young stages of other domesticated animals. Our review illustrates that a change from a “beat-them” to a “join-them” strategy for microbial management in larval rearing can lead to a more sustainable aquaculture industry.

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Section: The Symptoms and Possible Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

K-Selection as Microbial Community Management Strategy: A Method for Improved Viability of Larvae in Aquaculture

et al. 2018

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“…It is a nutritious fruit, containing bioactive components that are nutritive and therapeutic for human health (Pereira & Maraschin, 2015; Singh, Singh, Kaur, & Singh, 2016). Bananas have a therapeutic effect on persistent diarrhea by modulating the gut microflora (Sarker, Ahmed, & Brüssow, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of banana powder (Musa acuminata Colla) on the composition of human fecal microbiota and metabolic output using in vitro fermentation

Tian

Peng

et al. 2020

Journal of Food Science

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Bananas are rich in indigestible carbohydrates and are considered potential whole‐fruit prebiotics. To investigate banana‐induced changes in the composition of the human gut microbiota and the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), ripe banana (Musa acuminata Colla, Degrees Brix: 22.6 ± 0.2° Bé), from Hainan, China, was powdered and fermented in vitro for 24 hr with the feces of six Chinese donors. The degradation of banana polysaccharides was observed in all six fecal samples. During in vitro fecal fermentation, banana polysaccharides were gradually degraded up to approximately 80%. The production of SCFAs was also measured. The addition of banana powder increased the concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, with the production of acetate being higher than that of propionate and butyrate. Changes in the human gut microbiota were assessed using high‐throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. The results indicated that banana powder significantly altered bacterial diversity, increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroides, while maintaining the proportion of Bifidobacterium in the feces. At the same time, banana powder also increased the proportion of Lactobacillus; however, a significant difference was not observed. In summary, banana powder can be utilized by specific bacteria in human intestines, providing data support for the study of the effects of banana powder on the human intestinal health. Practical Application In this study, in vitro batch fermentation was used to evaluate the effect of banana powder on the human intestinal microbial community, and the metabolized products of banana powder were determined. Our study showed that banana powder improved the human intestinal microbial flora and promoted the growth of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides and could produce beneficial SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). This study provided a theoretical basis for the use of banana powder as a potential prebiotic in production applications and our daily diet.

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“…This time, we observed an E. coli increase documented with both abundance increase and absolute titre increase compared with control children. While E. coli could be a pathogen for these forms of diarrhoea (Sarker et al ., 2017b), metagenome sequencing did not suggest diarrhoea‐specific virulence gene increases in the stools of patients. Based on clinical data and evidence from mouse models (Faber et al ., ), it seems more likely that their increase is a consequence of treatment with antibiotics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Problems with the concept of gut microbiota dysbiosis

Brüssow

2019

Microbial Biotechnology

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137

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Summary The human microbiome research is with the notable exception of fecal transplantation still mostly in a descriptive phase. Part of the difficulty for translating research into medical interventions is due to the large compositional complexity of the microbiome resulting in datasets that need sophisticated statistical methods for their analysis and do not lend to industrial applications. Another part of the difficulty might be due to logical flaws in terminology particularly concerning ‘dysbiosis’ that avoids circular conclusions and is based on sound ecological and evolutionary reasoning. Many case–control studies are underpowered necessitating more meta‐analyses that sort out consistent from spurious dysbiosis–disease associations. We also need for the microbiome a transition from statistical associations to causal relationships with diseases that fulfil a set of modified Koch's postulates for commensals. Disturbingly, the most sophisticated statistical analyses explain only a small percentage of the variance in the microbiome. Microbe–microbe interactions irrelevant to the host and stochastic processes might play a greater role than anticipated. To satisfy the concept of Karl Popper about conjectures and refutations in the scientific process, we should also conduct more experiments that try to refute the role of the commensal gut microbiota for human health and disease.

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Persistent diarrhea: a persistent infection with enteropathogens or a gut commensal dysbiosis?

Cited by 20 publications

References 109 publications

K-Selection as Microbial Community Management Strategy: A Method for Improved Viability of Larvae in Aquaculture

K-Selection as Microbial Community Management Strategy: A Method for Improved Viability of Larvae in Aquaculture

Effects of banana powder (Musa acuminata Colla) on the composition of human fecal microbiota and metabolic output using in vitro fermentation

Problems with the concept of gut microbiota dysbiosis

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