2018
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00088-18
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Persistent Infection and Long-Term Carriage of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal Salmonellae

Abstract: SUMMARY The ability of pathogenic bacteria to affect higher organisms and cause disease is one of the most dramatic properties of microorganisms. Some pathogens can establish transient colonization only, but others are capable of infecting their host for many years or even for a lifetime. Long-term infection is called persistence, and this phenotype is fundamental for the biology of important human pathogens, including Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Salmonella enterica. Both typhoidal and… Show more

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Cited by 129 publications
(132 citation statements)
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References 250 publications
(254 reference statements)
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“…Unlike for Salmonella Typhi the role of carriers in the transmission of NTS is unclear. NTS stool excretion has mainly been studied among patients recovering from NTS gastroenteritis in high-income countries [34,35]: median duration of stool excretion in children � 5 years old is 7 weeks, with 2.6% excreting beyond a 1 year period [35]. In older children, durations are shorter (median 3-4 weeks).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Unlike for Salmonella Typhi the role of carriers in the transmission of NTS is unclear. NTS stool excretion has mainly been studied among patients recovering from NTS gastroenteritis in high-income countries [34,35]: median duration of stool excretion in children � 5 years old is 7 weeks, with 2.6% excreting beyond a 1 year period [35]. In older children, durations are shorter (median 3-4 weeks).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Assessing the concentration of NTS in stool samples could give an idea about its infectivity (e.g. 10 6 to 10 7 NTS organisms per gram of feces in case of NTS gastroenteritis) [34]. A difficult point will be the assessment of the infectious dose, as human challenge experiments typically address adult patients whereas children have the highest risk for NTS BSI [42,45].…”
Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To eradicate intracellular Salmonella, it is critical to stimulate cellular immune responses in the immunized animals [39,40]. At the acute infection stage, the Salmonella-infected host can produce both Th1 and Th2 immune responses to diminish the growth of the invading bacteria, but in the second stage of persistent infection, the reduced Th1 response disrupts the balance between Th1 and Th2, and a new equilibrium between the host and persistent Salmonella infection is developed and continues [41]. Both mutants in this study can induce increased IFN-γ and IL-6 secretion from 7 to 21 days post-immunization, indicating that a prolonged Th1 immune response can be induced by these mutants.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Clinical symptoms associated with acute gastroenteritis caused by NTS infections are often indistinguishable from those caused by other enteric bacterial pathogens, and gold standard for diagnosis still requires isolation of the pathogen from stool samples. The pathogen may also be isolated from the blood, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and other systemic sites (10).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%