Persistent Olfactory Learning Deficits during and Post-COVID-19 Infection

Bhowmik, Rajdeep; Pardasani, Meenakshi; Mahajan, Sarang; Magar, Rahul; Joshi, Samir; Nair, Ganesh Ashish; Bhattacharjee, Anindya S.; Abraham, Nixon M.

doi:10.2139/ssrn.4202478

Cited by 2 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Olfactory-action meter (OAM), an automated machine with custom-written software that can generate odor pulses of varying complexities, has been utilized to assess olfactory detection abilities at differing concentration ranges as well as olfactory matching skills in asymptomatic carriers, symptomatic patients, and those who have recovered from the disease [101,112,113]. Compared with normal healthy subjects, up to 81% of the asymptomatic carriers failed at detecting odors at low concentrations (9% (v/v)).…”

Section: Using "Olfaction" To Detect Covid-19 and The Subsequent Sens...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upon administering an olfactory matching task of determining whether the two odors delivered at a set inter-stimulus interval of 5 s are "same" or "different," they found out olfactory working memory deficits in the patients [101]. Not only that, upon carrying out this test with individuals who had recovered from COVID-19 (4-18 months after infection), persistent sensorycognitive deficits were found out when this paradigm was employed over 5 days [112]. These studies point to the persistence of sensory-cognitive impairments in longhaulers (those suffering from Long-COVID) and also calls for further interrogation of CNS functioning.…”

Section: Using "Olfaction" To Detect Covid-19 and The Subsequent Sens...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This also exhibits the importance of monitoring neurocognitive skills during post-infection periods in a pandemic-struck world. These results display the necessity of developing accurate noninvasive methods, which can precisely quantify cognitive deficits in Long COVID [112,114].…”

Section: Using "Olfaction" To Detect Covid-19 and The Subsequent Sens...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These tests consist of delivery of odors to the subject via reservoirs/pen refills/ microencapsulations[104,106,115]. (B) An automated odor delivery system, Olfactory-action meter (OAM) has been utilized to precisely calculate odor detection at the threshold levels and olfactory matching skills, i.e., both sensory and cognitive capabilities of symptomatic, asymptomatic, and healthy individuals[101,112]. (C) Sense of smell, i.e., electronic noses, trained canines, and organic semiconducting sensors are also deployed to using the body odor (BO) of individuals to detect COVID-19[116][117][118][119].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Neurotropic SARS-CoV-2: Causalities and Realities

Pardasani¹,

Abraham²

2023

COVID-19 Pandemic, Mental Health and Neuroscience - New Scenarios for Understanding and Treatment

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Evidences for the dysfunctions of central nervous system (CNS) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection have accumulated since the beginning of pandemic. The clinical and experimental evidences on viral entry routes to CNS lead to several open questions. While the neurological impairments caused by the virus stay as a reality under Long COVID, dissecting the causality underlying these problems continues to be an intensely studied topic. Extensive reports of olfactory dysfunctions including anosmia, hyposmia, and parosmia due to infections during 2020–2021, led to the hypothesis of virus’ CNS invasion through the olfactory nerve. Some of the investigations using animal models of cellular factors mediating the viral entry also suggest potential neurotropism. Conversely, recent studies proved the absence of viral particles in olfactory sensory neurons and olfactory bulb, hence leading to the deliberation on viral entry route. Here, we summarize the findings on the debated neurotropic characteristics of the virus, including clinical observations and the results from animal models. Further, we emphasize on the need of tracking olfactory and cognitive fitness in the post-COVID-19 era.

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Section: Using "Olfaction" To Detect Covid-19 and The Subsequent Sens...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Using "Olfaction" To Detect Covid-19 and The Subsequent Sens...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Using "Olfaction" To Detect Covid-19 and The Subsequent Sens...mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurotropic SARS-CoV-2: Causalities and Realities

Pardasani¹,

Abraham²

2023

COVID-19 Pandemic, Mental Health and Neuroscience - New Scenarios for Understanding and Treatment

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View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Olfactory functions are also negatively affected in patients with certain traumatic brain injuries [14]. More prominently, cases of anosmia (loss of sense of smell) and hyposmia/microsmia (weakened sense of smell) have been reported in many patients suffering from CoronaVirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) [15][16][17][18][19]. Therefore, quantifying olfactory fitness is extremely valuable in diagnosing many neurodegenerative and infectious diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty revealed by delayed responses during olfactory matching

Bhowmik

Pardasani

Mahajan

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Matching of olfactory stimuli involves both sensory and higher cognitive functioning. Different decision processes such as detection and discrimination, along with holding the perceived information are involved during the matching process. Accuracy and decision times, the interdependent readouts, can define the uncertainty involved in matching of sensory stimuli. To probe sensory and cognitive functions involving olfactory system in human subjects, we have developed a novel olfactory matching paradigm using an automated custom-built olfactory-action meter. With precise and consistent odor delivery and real-time data analysis, our system automates the entire process without any intervention by the experimenter, making it suitable as a diagnostic tool for quantifying olfactory and neurocognitive fitness. In around 400 healthy human subjects, with mean detection accuracy of 90%, we observed significantly better olfactory matching performance for simple monomolecular odors, in comparison to complex binary odor mixtures. Odor matching accuracy declined significantly with the increase in odor complexity. Olfactory matching was more rapid when subjects made correct versus incorrect decisions, indicating perceptual certainty. Subjects also took longer matching time for complex odors compared to simple odor stimuli. Thus, olfactory matching that provides a combined readout of sensory and cognitive fitness, establishes a direct link between the performance accuracy and the certainty of decisions.

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Persistent Olfactory Learning Deficits during and Post-COVID-19 Infection

Cited by 2 publications

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Neurotropic SARS-CoV-2: Causalities and Realities

Neurotropic SARS-CoV-2: Causalities and Realities

Uncertainty revealed by delayed responses during olfactory matching

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