Persistent Psychopathology in the Wake of Civil War: Long-Term Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Nimba County, Liberia

Galea, Sandro; Rockers, Peter C.; Saydee, Geetor; Macauley, Rose; Varpilah, S. Tornorlah; Kruk, Margaret E

doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.179697

Cited by 29 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Dejong et al [20] revealed that the relatively high prevalence of PTSD, 34% in Algeria compared to other areas under that study may be due to the fact that terrorist attacks were still ongoing during the time of their data collection. Other socio-demographic variables such as ethnicity, religion, and occupation were not significantly associated with PTSD in both groups as against previous studies that have demonstrated this association [6,9] . Worthy of note is the fact that the samples were drawn from populations not displaced by the conflict or other traumatic events in the case of the control group and therefore had their social structure and cultural institutions preserved.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

“…In particular, the prevalence of PTSD found among the post conflict survivors (55.5%) was similar to the 24.8-54% current prevalence found among post conflict survivors in Rwanda [11] , Lebanon [8] , Liberia [9] and Uganda [10] , but higher than the 10-15.1% found in Northern-Ireland [6] , and Turkey [7] , following exposure to mass violence in these countries. Similarly, the rate in the group not exposed to conflict was close to the 9.4% prevalence of current PTSD reported among the Israeli general population [5] .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…On the other hand, the results of studies conducted among post-conflict populations in Turkey [6] , Northern Ireland [7] , Lebanon [8] , Liberia [9] , Northern Uganda [10] , Rwanda [11] , and indeed Nigeria [12][13][14] have demonstrated a variously high prevalence of Post-traumatic stress disorder in the range of 10-60%. Correlates of PTSD found in these studies include gender, marital status, and income level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Dogonahawa and Zawan, North-Central Nigeria, Four-Years after Communal Violence: Prevalence and Risk Factors Prevalence of and risk factors for PTSD

Taru¹

2017

jmscr

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Dogonahawa and Zawan, North-Central Nigeria, Four-Years after Communal Violence: Prevalence and Risk Factors Prevalence of and risk factors for PTSD

Taru¹

2017

jmscr

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“…This possibility is consistent with other studies, where alcohol use has been associated with nearly 4% of all-cause mortality; furthermore, the attributable disease burden is most prominent among marginalized populations (Casswell & Thamarangsi, 2009; In the last decade, recognition of alcohol use and mental illness as neglected public health issues in low-resource countries has led to a call for action (Patel et al, 2009). In Liberia, several studies estimate a high prevalence of mental illness (Galea et al, 2010;Johnson et al, 2008). Alcoholism is frequently co-morbid with depression and PTSD, and this has been found to be characteristic of other African post-conflict populations (Okulate & Jones, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol use and health care utilization in rural Liberia: Results of a community-based survey for basic public health indicators

Weil

Cameron

Soumerai

et al. 2014

IJADR

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Aim: To measure the association between alcohol use and health-seeking behavior in post-conflict Liberia.Design: Cross-sectional survey.Setting: A community in rural southeast Liberia, from January 11 to January 16, 2010Participants: 600 heads-of-household. Measures:Logistic regression models for estimation of associations between alcohol use and indicators of healthcare utilization. Frequent alcohol use was defined as drinking more than seven days out of the last two weeks.Findings: Frequent alcohol use was reported by 14.9% of participants. These respondents were less likely to attend clinic for chronic cough (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR 0.40, 95% CI 0.18-0.87), to have had an HIV test (AOR 0.39, 95% CI 0.19-0.77), and to have accessed prenatal care (AOR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.12-0.54). Approximately 25% of all respondents had no access to latrines, and half reported going to sleep hungry in the past week. Conclusions:Within households in post-conflict Liberia, there is an association between reduced health care utilization and frequent alcohol use self-reported by a head of household or primary caregiver.Alcoholism, along with mental illness, is among the most neglected global health problems in the developing world (Bass et al., 2010;Patel, Goel, & Desai, 2009). After a prolonged civil war, Liberia has the second lowest per capita GDP in the world (World Economic Outlook Database International Monetery Fund, 2011), and is recovering from widespread destruction of health infrastructure. Two decades of war, mass killings, forced conscription, and sexual violence have resulted in a population with a high risk of mental health disorders and alcohol abuse. In 2008, a survey of Liberian adults from across the country found that 40% met the symptom criteria for major depressive disorder and 44% for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and that ex-combatants were more likely to abuse alcohol than non-ex-combatants (Johnson et al., 2008). Another study of internally displaced persons in Liberia showed similarly high rates of alcohol and drug abuse (Ezard et al., 2011). Among forcibly displaced populations, risk factors for harmful alcohol use have been described, and include exposure to traumatic events, number of traumatic events endured, and resulting PTSD (de Jong et al., 2001;Weaver & Roberts, 2010). Alcohol is a known contributor to poor health outcomes, including delayed diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as tuberculosis and HIV (de Albuquerque Mde et al., 2007;Samet et al., 1998; van der Werf et al., 2006;Waitt & Squire, 2011). As a local non-governmental organization working in post-conflict Liberia, we posited that alcohol use was prevalent in our area, and might significantly impact health care utilization in our target population. The authors found that data specific to our catchment area on alcohol use and mental disorders, as well as basic health indicators, were not available. Our study aims to answer Martha Tubman Memorial Hospital (MTMH) is in the city of Zwedru in Grand Gedeh County, which ...

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“…to Galea et al (2010) and Lever, Pinol, & Uralde (2005), strong internal relationships build a positive perception of community which can overcome even the psychological effects of poverty and war which appears to be the case in Banteay Chhmar.…”

Section: The Role Of Resident Perceptions In Cbtmentioning

confidence: 95%

The role of resident perceptions in achieving effective community-based tourism for least developed countries

Ellis

Sheridan

2014

Anatolia

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L. (2015). The role of resident perceptions in achieving effective community-based tourism for least developed countries. Anatolia: an international journal of tourism and hospitality research, 26 (2), 244-257.The role of resident perceptions in achieving effective community-based tourism for least developed countries AbstractCommunity-based tourism (CBT) can be a tool for sustainable development in least developed countries; however, careful selection of participating communities is vital to achieving development outcomes. This article presents resident perceptions of self and the community (and its tourism organizers) as potential indicators for future CBT success both contributing to theoretical concepts but pragmatically potentially also assists practitioners to identify communities that theoretically should produce better development outcomes before embarking on projects. The role of resident perceptions in striving for effective Community Based Tourism for Least Developed CountriesCommunity Based Tourism can be a tool for sustainable development in Least Developed Countries, however, careful selection of participating communities is vital to achieving development outcomes. This paper presents resident perceptions of self and the community (and its tourism organisers) as potential indicators for future Community Based Tourism success both contributing to theoretical concepts but pragmatically potentially also assists practitioners to identify communities that theoretically should produce better development outcomes before embarking on projects.

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Persistent Psychopathology in the Wake of Civil War: Long-Term Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Nimba County, Liberia

Cited by 29 publications

References 20 publications

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Dogonahawa and Zawan, North-Central Nigeria, Four-Years after Communal Violence: Prevalence and Risk Factors Prevalence of and risk factors for PTSD

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Dogonahawa and Zawan, North-Central Nigeria, Four-Years after Communal Violence: Prevalence and Risk Factors Prevalence of and risk factors for PTSD

Alcohol use and health care utilization in rural Liberia: Results of a community-based survey for basic public health indicators

The role of resident perceptions in achieving effective community-based tourism for least developed countries

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