Persistent Urethritis and Prostatitis Due to <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>: A Case Report

Abdolrasouli, Alireza; Amin, Abolghasem; Baharsefat, M.; Roushan, Azita; Mofidi, Shamseddin

doi:10.1155/2007/196046

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, Simons et al reported that the chronic inflammation of prostate by bacterial infections induce the progression of prostate cancer [10]. T. vaginalis infection in men is asymptomatic or have only mild symptoms [11,12]. Therefore, persistent infection with T. vaginalis has been hypothesized to cause chronic inflammation [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IL-6 produced by prostate epithelial cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis promotes proliferation of prostate cancer cells by inducing M2 polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages

2020

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Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv), a protozoan parasite causing sexually-transmitted disease, has been detected in tissue of prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa). IL-6, a mediator of chronic inflammation, induces the progression of prostate cancer, and influences the polarization of M2 macrophages, which are the main tumor-associated macrophages. We investigated whether IL-6 produced by human prostate epithelial cells stimulated with Tv induces the M2 polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages, which in turn promotes the progression of PCa. Conditioned medium was prepared from Tvinfected (TCM) and uninfected (CM) prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1). Thereafter conditioned medium was prepared from macrophages after incubation with CM (M-CM) or TCM (M-TCM). RWPE-1 cells infected with Tv produced IL-6 and chemokines such as CCL2 and CXCL8. When human macrophages were treated with conditioned medium of RWPE-1 cells co-cultured with Tv (TCM), they became polarized to M2-like macrophages as indicated by the production of IL-10 and TGF-β, and the expression of CD36 and arginase-1, which are M2 macrophage markers. Moreover, proliferation of the M2-like macrophages was also increased by TCM. Blockade of IL-6 signaling with IL-6 receptor antibody and JAK inhibitor (Ruxolitinib) inhibited M2 polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages and proliferation of the macrophages. To assess the effect of crosstalk between macrophages and prostate epithelial cells inflamed by Tv infection on the growth of prostate cancer (PCa) cells, PC3, DU145 and LNCaP cells were treated with conditioned medium from THP-1-derived macrophages stimulated with TCM (M-TCM). Proliferation and migration of the PCa cells were significantly increased by the M-TCM. Our findings suggest that IL-6 produced in response to Tv infection of the prostate has an important effect on the tumor microenvironment by promoting progression of PCa cells following induction of M2 macrophage polarization.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IL-6 produced by prostate epithelial cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis promotes proliferation of prostate cancer cells by inducing M2 polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages

2020

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“…It is also associated with urethritis and prostatitis in men. However, despite its prevalence, the importance of Tv infection in men remains poorly understood, in part because of the fact that over 75% of infection in males are asymptomatic, and diagnosis of infection is difficult . Asymptomatic infection has been hypothesized to result in chronic persistent prostatic infection …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, despite its prevalence, the importance of Tv infection in men remains poorly understood, in part because of the fact that over 75% of infection in males are asymptomatic, and diagnosis of infection is difficult. 2 Asymptomatic infection has been hypothesized to result in chronic persistent prostatic infection. 3 There are recent reports of a high infection rate (21.2%) of Tv in patients with chronic recurrent prostatitis and urethritis in Korea, and a high detection rate (34%) of Tv in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory mediators of prostate epithelial cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis promote proliferative and invasive properties of prostate cancer cells

et al. 2019

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Background Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv) is the most common sexually transmitted parasite. It is detected in prostatic tissue of benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostate cancer (PCa) and has been suggested to cause chronic prostatitis. Moreover, up to 20% of all cancers worldwide are associated with chronic inflammation. Here, we investigated whether inflammatory mediators produced by normal human prostate epithelial cells (RWPE‐1) stimulated with Tv could promote growth and invasiveness of PCa cells. Methods Conditioned medium of RWPE‐1 cells was prepared by stimulating them with Tv (trichomonad‐conditioned medium [TCM]) and without Tv (conditioned medium [CM]). Promotion of PCa cells (PC3, DU145, and LNCaP) was assessed by wound healing, proliferation, and invasion assays. Results We observed that the production of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, CCL2, CXCL8, prostaglandin‐E2 (PGE2), and COX2 by RWPE‐1 cells was increased by stimulating them with Tv. When PCa cells were incubated with TCM, their proliferation, invasion, and migration increased. Moreover, they showed increased epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐related markers by a reduction in epithelial markers and an increase in mesenchymal markers. In vivo, xenograft tumor tissues injected with TCM also showed increased expression of cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, as well as induction of EMT. Receptors and signal molecules of PCa cells increased in response to exposure to TCM, and blocking receptors (CXCR1, CXCR2, C‐C chemokine receptor 2, glycoprotein 130, EP2, and EP4) reduced the proliferation of PCa cells with decreased production of cytokines (CCL2, IL‐6, and CXCL8) and PGE2, and expression of NF‐κB and Snail1. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Tv infection may be one of the factors creating the supportive microenvironment to promote proliferation and invasiveness of PCa cells.

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“…In case of prostatic infections involving anaerobic protozoa like Trichomonas vaginalis or certain FQ-resistant anaerobic bacteria, a therapy with 500-mg metronidazole twice daily may be attempted, though this suggestion is only based on reports of single successful cases [ 1 ].…”

Section: Acetylation By Aac(6')-ib-crmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Bacterial Prostatitis: Clinico-Pharmacological Considerations

Perletti

Magri

2016

Prostatitis and Its Management

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Persistent Urethritis and Prostatitis Due to Trichomonas vaginalis: A Case Report

Cited by 12 publications

References 14 publications

IL-6 produced by prostate epithelial cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis promotes proliferation of prostate cancer cells by inducing M2 polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages

IL-6 produced by prostate epithelial cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis promotes proliferation of prostate cancer cells by inducing M2 polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages

Inflammatory mediators of prostate epithelial cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis promote proliferative and invasive properties of prostate cancer cells

Treatment of Bacterial Prostatitis: Clinico-Pharmacological Considerations

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