Personal Account: A woman tried and tested

Martínez-Patiño, María José

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67841-5

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“…The knowledge about people with disorders of sex development was limited and not available to everyone, and less to people who were unaware or unable to understand genetic issues. Many women were asked to graciously withdraw from sport life or to pretend a serious injury when obtaining a positive result from the gender verification test by buccal smear, probably a number much higher than we suspect Martínez-Patiño, 2005;Fox, 1993;Genel, 2002). Without any doubt the gender verification system ended with their sports careers, but the devastating repercussion on the personal and social lives of those individuals whose stories were leaked to the mass media (Wiederkehr, 2009) is another matter: suddenly they were not women any more, nor they were considered men.…”

Section: Volume 5 | Issue 3 | 2010 | 315mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…During her hard struggle she had suffered the mock of people who called her witch, the continuous rumours, the impotence to see her parents and family suffering for the situation, the lose of the closest people such as her boyfriend and her friends. She had to submit to public shame and to internal questioning about herself, convinced in all moment of her honesty and her womanhood (Peel, 1994;Carlson, 2005;Cavanagh & Sykes, 2006;Martínez-Patiño, 2005). Only 50% of undervirilized 46,XY subjects obtain a definitive diagnosis (Houk et al, 2006) and she probably would never be aware of the atypical chromosome pattern if she did not practice high level sport.…”

Section: Volume 5 | Issue 3 | 2010 | 315mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Athletes who did not consent to subjugate to a gender test (such as the track and field athletes Tamara and Irina Press) were excluded from competitions being automatically considered as men (Anonymous, 1967;Carlson, 2005). Others, such as the sprinter Ewa Klobukowska and the hurdler Maria Patiño, who did not suspect irregularities in their chromosome arrangement were also penalized by the gender verification system and had their sport careers and personal lives irremediably destroyed (Carlson, 2005;Martínez-Patiño, 2005). Maria Patiño, one of the authors of this review, struggle to appeal her disqualification from sport and with the help of sports and medicine specialists was the first person to be readmitted as a woman for sport.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An approach to the biological, historical and psychological repercussions of gender verification in top level competitions

Patiño

Padorno

Vidal

et al. 2010

jhse

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Martínez-Patiño MJ, Mateos-Padorno C, Martínez-Vidal A, Sánchez AM, García JL, Díaz MP, Touriño CF. An approach to the biological, historical and psychological repercussions of gender verification in top level competitions. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 307-321, 2010. Different kinds of disorders of sex development (DSD) have been observed in athletes from different countries along the history of sport. The detection of an abnormal chromosomal pattern or gonadal dysgenesis has been always associated to the gender verification tests which international sports institutions have performed from 1960s and abandoned as systematic practice in 2000. Such methods have been heavily criticized by specialists of different fields such as genetics, endocrinologists and psychologists. The use of a femininity control at the present days to detect possible males who fraudulently pretend to compete in female only events is inconsistent. The possible decision of the International Olympic Committee to establish special centers to manage future DSD cases is also discussed. A major concern on the confidentiality between doctors and patients and the establishment of care protocols for the psychological support of athletes in such delicate situations is needed. This ties altogether with the psychological and social repercussions of the gender verification on the lives of athletes with DSD. When cases of sex ambiguities are detected, issues such as the respect of privacy, the need of specific protocols to follow with flexible and diversified tests considering the particularity of each case as well as the psychological support of the athletes and their family have to be taken into account. Although health tests are needed for both men and women, DSD athletes should not be discriminated for their genetic pattern and they should be allowed to compete as it occurs with other athletes with genetic affections which do not involve the sex and that give them a phenotypical advantage over other athletes.

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Section: Volume 5 | Issue 3 | 2010 | 315mentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Volume 5 | Issue 3 | 2010 | 315mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An approach to the biological, historical and psychological repercussions of gender verification in top level competitions

Patiño

Padorno

Vidal

et al. 2010

jhse

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“…Although some would have received their femininity certificates after completing these investigations, others were so distressed that they chose to withdraw from competition without further evaluation. As a result a number have been prevented unjustly from competing and have suffered personal and sometimes public humiliation [12]. Additional sex discrimination is evident from the regulation that required all female athletes to sign a statement accepting the arrangements and absolving the organisers from responsibility should an athlete be debarred in error.…”

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confidence: 99%

Natural Selection for Genetic Variants in Sport: The Role of Y Chromosome Genes in Elite Female Athletes with 46,XY DSD

Ferguson-Smith

Bavington

2014

Sports Med

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At present, it is widely assumed that hyperandrogenism in female athletes confers an unfair competitive advantage. This view is perpetuated in current regulations governing eligibility of female athletes with hyperandrogenism to compete, which identify testosterone levels in the male range as the critical factor. Detailed evidence is presented here for the first time that genes for stature (and possibly other genes) on the Y chromosome are responsible for the increased frequency of 46,XY disorder of sex development (46,XY DSD) among elite female athletes identified by eligibility tests. In many cases, androgens are non-functional or, alternatively, absent and therefore testosterone cannot be responsible for their athletic success. Genetic variation has a major role in the selection of individuals for training and success in competition; however, this variation is not grounds for determining who should compete in athletic events. There is no convincing evidence to support the view that hyperandrogenism is associated with performance advantage in female athletes. Current time-consuming regulations may lead to the unwelcome resurgence of innuendo in the media and coercion of female athletes into accepting gonadectomy and other treatments to which they might otherwise not have been subjected. These regulations should be withdrawn on the grounds that they are not supported scientifically, are discriminatory towards women and place some female athletes at risk of unnecessary and potentially harmful investigations. Improved understanding about genetic factors that lead to selection in sport should offer reassurance that women with hyperandrogenism possess no physical attribute relevant to athletic performance that is neither attainable, nor present in other women. Key PointsY genes for stature (and possibly other Y genes) are responsible for the increased frequency of 46,XY DSD among elite female athletes identified by eligibility tests.Hyperandrogenism is not associated with performance advantage in female athletes.Governing bodies in sport should withdraw their regulations on hyperandrogenism.

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“…108 (Mora, 1986), provocando con esa publicidad no pocos problemas personales a la atleta. Patiño a volver a la competición femenina (Martinez-Patiño, 2005). …”

Section: Cromatina Sexual O Corpúsculos De Barrunclassified

Controles de sexo, género, hormonales y la inelegibilidad de las mujeres con hiperandrogenismo en el deporte femenino de alto nivel

Ospina-Betancurt¹,

Jonathan²

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Las personas que más quiero y querré en mi vida IX AGRADECIMIENTOSSiempre me he fijado en el apartado de agradecimientos de todas las tesis doctorales que he leído en este tiempo de doctorado, y han sido unas cuantas. Me parece un pequeño testimonio de quién se encuentra en realidad detrás de un gran trabajo que, la mayoría de las veces, puede parecer frío y poco humano. Ahora me toca a mí: aunque veía el momento muy lejano, ya no hay, por fin, marcha atrás. Son tantas las palabras de agradecimiento que tengo para el mundo entero, para las personas que me han ayudado y me rodean, que voy a intentar ordenarlas.Mis primeras palabras de agradecimiento son para la persona que me dio la vida, la que luchó y dio su vida por mi futuro y mi bienestar: mi MADRE. Por ella estoy aquí, escribiendo este apartado que cierra una etapa muy larga y difícil, pero en último término exitosa. Gracias, mamá, por tanto amor que me ofreciste y por darme todo lo que necesité para llegar hasta aquí. Sin ti no hubiera sido igual; de hecho, sin ti ya nada es igual. Aunque pasen los años, siempre guardo tu último beso y tu último abrazo como los tesoros más preciados de mi vida. Estarás en mi mente y en mi corazón para siempre.Mis directores de tesis han sido las personas que me han guiado, ayudado y alentado para no desfallecer.Carlos ha sido la persona que confió ciegamente en mí y nunca dudó de mi compromiso y capacidad. A ti, Carlos, te debo mi seguridad en la tesis, el orden y el saber hacer. Gracias por permitirme trabajar contigo desde el primer momento en que te lo sugerí. Gracias por haber sido mi director en el Máster y por ser mi director en el Doctorado. Mi estancia en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte (INEF) fue diferente y se hizo amable gracias a una persona como tú. Nunca olvidaré y siempre intentaré reproducir tu compromiso y solidaridad con los alumnos. Ellos son los que realmente hacen grande a los profesores, y no al contrario. Para mí, eres el mejor ejemplo para llevar en el camino que me espera después de terminar esta etapa de mi vida.Igual que Carlos, María José también confió en mí de igual manera. Ella es para mí la mejor prueba de que, cuando algo se quiere, hay que intentarlo. Nunca pensé que una mujer con tanto prestigio a nivel mundial llegara a ser mi directora de tesis y se convirtiera no solo en mi mentora, sino en mi amiga. María José confió en mí con tan solo un email, aquel correo electrónico que escribí muchas veces y no me atrevía a enviar. Todas las veces que lo intenté pensaba: "Recibirá más de cien mensajes al día. ¿Por qué habría de considerar el mío diferente?". Pero fue diferente y aquí estamos, juntos, presentado una tesis doctoral que estoy seguro de que a ella la llena tanto de orgullo como a mí. Gracias, María José, por abrirme tu mundo, tu casa; por dejarme entrar en tu familia y confiar como lo haces a diario. Hoy cerramos una tesis, pero mañana abriremos un nuevo camino. Será largo y espero seguirlo a tu lado. X María Zakynthinaki, no fuiste mi directora de tesis, ...

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Personal Account: A woman tried and tested

Cited by 50 publications

References 0 publications

An approach to the biological, historical and psychological repercussions of gender verification in top level competitions

An approach to the biological, historical and psychological repercussions of gender verification in top level competitions

Natural Selection for Genetic Variants in Sport: The Role of Y Chromosome Genes in Elite Female Athletes with 46,XY DSD

Controles de sexo, género, hormonales y la inelegibilidad de las mujeres con hiperandrogenismo en el deporte femenino de alto nivel

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