Personal monitoring of lead and cadmium exposure--a Swedish study with special reference to methodological aspects.

Dietary Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in Sweden

“…In addition to the duplicate diets, corresponding faeces samples were analysed for lead and cadmium content to estimate dietary intake. There was a fairly good correlation * Range of average daily intakes between the amounts of lead and cadmium in faeces and in the duplicate diets (Vahter et al, 1991). The mean faecal excretion of lead was 24 Jlg day-1 (range 10-41 Jlg day-1 ) and that of cadmium was 8.9 mg day-1 (range 5.5-12 Jlg day-1 ): the dietary intakes are shown in Table 3.…”

“…Exposure monitoring of lead and cadmium was carried out in Stockholm in February-March, 1988, as part of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/World Health Organization (WHO) Human Exposure Assessment Locations (HEAL) Programme Vahter et al, 1991). Personal exposure via air, food and beverages was measured during seven consecutive 24-hour periods.…”

“…Extensive analytical quality control was carried out using freeze-dried simulated human diets with a range of lead and cadmium levels (Vahter et al, , 1991.…”

Using environmental concentrations of cadmium and lead to assess human exposure and dose

“…Soil acidification increases the absorption of cadmium in crop (Andersson, 1992). In the general population, the main exposure routes are food and cigarette smoking (Friberg et al, 1986;Vahter et al, 1991). One cigarette contains about 1-2 mg cadmium, and an average of about 10% is inhaled during smoking (Elinder et al, 1983;Friberg et al, 1986).…”

“…The main sources of lead exposure are industrial and automobile emissions, water from lead pipes, paint, lead soldered cans and ceramics (WHO, 1995). Food is a major source of lead exposure in the general population (Vahter et al, 1991). Lead is absorbed into blood plasma from which it enters the blood cells.…”