Personal Space and Stimulus Intensity at a Southern California Amusement Park

Nesbitt, Paul D.; Steven, Girard

doi:10.2307/2786470

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The results of Nesbitt and Steven (1974) form an exception: here the men took the initiative. Their data, however, were collected in an amusement park, where a woman without company is quickly perceived as looking for company; for men this can be a reason to seek further contact, to which a smaller interpersonal distance may be the first step.…”

Section: Personal Spacementioning

confidence: 80%

“…Unobtrusive observation: the results of Baxter (1970)*, Nesbitt and Steven (1974), Smith (1981)* in Germany, andThomas (1973)* suggest that in male-female interactions the interpersonal distance is smaller than in female-female interactions. The results of Nesbitt and Steven need some further elaboration considering the unusual setting in which the research was carried out, namely, at night in an amusement park.…”

Section: Personal Spacementioning

confidence: 93%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sex differences in nonverbal communication

Vrugt¹,

Kerkstra²

1984

Semiotica

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Section: Personal Spacementioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Personal Spacementioning

confidence: 93%

Sex differences in nonverbal communication

Vrugt¹,

Kerkstra²

1984

Semiotica

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“…A third item, which actually had the highest correlation with item 55, is less obviously related to social distancing (“Knows when he or she is talking too loud or making too much noise”). However, one’s sense of space is a multimodal construct and can be violated by a number of sensory modalities [4], [20], including audition (e.g., talking too loud in a public area). Thus, it is not surprising that an individual that violates the space of another person tends to do so through more than one sensory modality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Violations of Personal Space by Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Kennedy

Adolphs

2014

PLoS ONE

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The ability to maintain an appropriate physical distance (i.e., interpersonal distance) from others is a critical aspect of social interaction and contributes importantly to real-life social functioning. In Study 1, using parent-report data that had been acquired on a large number of individuals (ages 4–18 years) for the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange and the Simons Simplex Collection, we found that those with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD; n = 766) more often violated the space of others compared to their unaffected siblings (n = 766). This abnormality held equally across ASD diagnostic categories, and correlated with clinical measures of communication and social functioning. In Study 2, laboratory experiments in a sample of high-functioning adults with ASD demonstrated an altered relationship between interpersonal distance and personal space, and documented a complete absence of personal space in 3 individuals with ASD. Furthermore, anecdotal self-report from several participants confirmed that violations of social distancing conventions continue to occur in real-world interactions through adulthood. We suggest that atypical social distancing behavior offers a practical and sensitive measure of social dysfunction in ASD, and one whose psychological and neurological substrates should be further investigated.

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“…Ekman and Friesen's (1969) leakage hypothesis suggests that emotional arousal "leaks" from less controllable channels (e.g., limbs and body). Indicators of negative arousal include increased distance, gaze aversion, postural rigidity and closedness, more postural shifts, and random kinesic movements (Burgoon & Koper, 1984; Cappella & Greene, 1984; Nesbitt & Steven, 1974). Cappella and Greene (1984) also found that louder volume, more nervous vocalizations, faster speech rate, and higher pitch are indicative of negative arousal states.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 94%

Adaptation in Dyadic Interaction: Defining and Operationalizing Patterns of Reciprocity and Compensation

1993

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Pages: 292-316Interaction patterns of reciprocity and compensation have received extensive consideration in the literature on mutual influence processes. Unfortunately, conflicting and ambiguous definitions of these concepts, along with inadequate differentiation from other patterns such as matching, convergence, divergence, and complementarity have hindered theoretical and empirical progress. This article is dedicated to sorting out the differences among the various accommodation processes and offering appropriate constitutive definitions and operationalizations. I t is proposed that definitions of reciprocity and compensation be distinguished from matching and complementarity in that the former incorporate principles of (1) directedness, (2) contingency, (3) both unidirectional and mutual influence, (4) change rather than maintenance, (S) directionality rather than magnitude of change, (6) intentional and automatic processes, and (7) functional equivalence of behaviors. Operationally, these criteria imply a focus on designs demonstrating causality or strong association between partner behaviors, concatenous and lagged responses, within-dyad and longitudinal analyses, and, for many purposes, a more molar perspective. Issues of macro versus micro measurement, perceived versus actual reciprocity and compensation, and reliance on observer versus participant perspectives are also considered.

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Personal Space and Stimulus Intensity at a Southern California Amusement Park

Cited by 27 publications

References 6 publications

Sex differences in nonverbal communication

Sex differences in nonverbal communication

Violations of Personal Space by Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Adaptation in Dyadic Interaction: Defining and Operationalizing Patterns of Reciprocity and Compensation

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