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In four experiments, rats were housed in pairs or apart for periods ranging 15 mia.-15 mo. Long-term social isolation led to significant increases in social attraction, especially when the testing enviroment was familiar, and the immediately previous level of social contact was more important than prior social experience. These results suggest that the motivational consequences of social deprivation are more important than the opportunity for social learning afforded by social contact. Periods of social contact as short as 15-360 min. led to significant decreases in affiliation, while comparable periods of social deprivation had no significant effect, further supporting a motivational interpretation.

Introduction Pelvic binders are used to reduce the haemorrhage associated with pelvic ring injuries. Application at the level of the greater trochanters is required. We assessed the frequency of their use in patients with pelvic ring injuries and their positioning in patients presenting to a single major trauma centre. Methods A retrospective review of our trauma database was performed to randomly select 1000 patients for study from April 2012 to December 2016. Patients with a pelvic binder or a pelvic ring injury defined by the Young and Burgess classification were included. Computed tomography was used to identify and measure pelvic binder placement. Results 140 patients were identified: 110/140 had a binder placed. Of the total, 54 (49.1%) patients had satisfactory placement and 56 (50.9%) had unsatisfactory placement; 30/67 (44.8%) patients with a pelvic ring injury had no binder applied, of whom 6 (20%) had an unstable injury; 9/67 patients died. Discussion This is the first study assessing pelvic binder placement in patients at a UK major trauma centre. Unsatisfactory positioning of the pelvic binder is a common problem and it was not used in a large proportion of patients with pelvic ring injuries. This demonstrates that there is a need for continuing education for teams dealing with major trauma.

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Self‐report data were gathered on the chronic emotionality of smokers and nonsmokers in a number of samples. The results were discussed relative to the literature on sociopathy and recent studies that found smokers to be more emotional than nonsmokers. It was argued that an S's own emotional feelings must be distinguished from the behavioral observations of others, and that the smoking habit might well lead to a generally lowered level of felt emotionality.