Personal Space as Influenced by Sex and Type of Movement

Sex differences in nonverbal communication

“…The stop distance method: Bauer (1973); Dosey and Meisels (1969); Hartnett et al (1970); and Tennis and Dabbs (1975)*.…”

L'asymétrie fonctionnelle hémisphérique et le comportement

“…A number of studies by Sommer and co-workers (Sommer, 1969) have involved similar spatial &dquo;invasions&dquo;. As well as showing up appreciable individual and sex differences, the laboratory studies have revealed that situational factors and the precise instructions given can have considerable effects on the typical proximities adopted between strangers or slight acquaintances (Frankel and Barrett, 1971;Hartnett et al, 1970;Meisels and Dosey, 1971). Reactions typically included turning the head or body away, &dquo;hunching&dquo; the body, and frequently gross bodily withdrawal or flight.…”

Male and Female Personal Space Needs and Escape Reactions Under Intrusion: A Turkish Sample

“…Some studies reported that males use larger distances than females, and that heterosexual pairs have smaller spaces than same-sex pairs (Baxter 1970;Fisher and Byrne 1975;Hartnett et al 1970;Pellegrini and Empey 1970). However, quite a large number of studies (Becker 1973;Allgeier and Byrne 1973;Patterson et al 1979;Scharzwald et al 1977; Thompson et al 1979) either failed to find or provided only partial support for sex effect.…”