Personality and conditioning: A test of four models.

Zinbarg, Richard E.; Revelle, William

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.301

Cited by 72 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…non-arousing) unconditioned stimulus (Eysenck, 1967;Matthews & Gilliland, 1999;Zinbarg & Revelle, 1989). Under these conditions introverts are, theoretically, performing at the peak of the Yerkes-Dodson inverted U shaped curve; the optimal level of arousal for learning (Eysenck, 1967).…”

Section: Influence Of Personality On Observational Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of personality on neural mechanisms of observational fear and reward learning

et al. 2008

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Fear and reward learning can occur through direct experience or observation. Both channels can enhance survival or create maladaptive behavior. We used fMRI to isolate neural mechanisms of observational fear and reward learning and investigate whether neural response varied according to individual differences in neuroticism and extraversion. Participants learned object-emotion associations by observing a woman respond with fearful (or neutral) and happy (or neutral) facial expressions to novel objects. The amygdala-hippocampal complex was active when learning the object-fear association, and the hippocampus was active when learning the object-happy association. After learning, objects were presented alone; amygdala activity was greater for the fear (vs. neutral) and happy (vs. neutral) associated object. Importantly, greater amygdalahippocampal activity during fear (vs. neutral) learning predicted better recognition of learned objects on a subsequent memory test. Furthermore, personality modulated neural mechanisms of learning. Neuroticism positively correlated with neural activity in the amygdala and hippocampus during fear (vs. neutral) learning. Low extraversion/high introversion was related to faster behavioral predictions of the fearful and neutral expressions during fear learning. In addition, low extraversion/high introversion was related to greater amygdala activity during happy (vs. neutral) learning, happy (vs. neutral) object recognition, and faster reaction times for predicting happy and neutral expressions during reward learning. These findings suggest that neuroticism is associated with an increased sensitivity in the neural mechanism for fear learning which leads to enhanced encoding of fear associations, and that low extraversion/high introversion is related to enhanced conditionability for both fear and reward learning.

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Section: Influence Of Personality On Observational Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of personality on neural mechanisms of observational fear and reward learning

et al. 2008

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“…This supports the hypothesis that individuals high in neuroticism would be more susceptible to anxiety than individuals low in neuroticism (e.g., Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985;Eysenck, 1987;Gray, 1981Gray, , 1987Zinbarg & Revelle, 1989).…”

Section: Extraversionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Furthermore, researchers such as Eysenck, Gray, and others have hypothesized that individuals low in extraversion may be more susceptible to anxiety than individuals high in extraversion (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985;Eysenck, MacLeod, & Mathews, 1987;Gray, 1981Gray, , 1987Zinbarg & Revelle, 1989). This research posited that people who are low in extraversion experience a greater level of susceptibility to punishment cues and are prone to greater arousal from those punishment cues.…”

Section: Extraversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Moderating Role of Personality on Workplace Conflict and Outcomes

Wittgenstein¹

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Professor Valentina Bruk-Lee, Major ProfessorThe purpose of this study was twofold. The first was to further clarify and expand or understanding of the relationship between interpersonal conflict, incivility, and their roles as stressors in the stressor-strain relationship. The second goal was to examine how neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, trait anger, and sphere specific locus of control moderate the stressor-strain relationship between task conflict, relationship conflict, incivility and workplace and health outcomes. The results suggest that extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, trait anger, and locus of control play significant roles in how workplace aggression affects individuals. These findings suggest that occupations that experience a high level of workplace aggression should consider incorporating these personality traits into their selection system as a way of limiting or reducing the effects workplace aggression can have on individual health, wellbeing, and job outcomes.

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“…In contrast, associations between variation in reactivity to secondary aversive cues and anxiety have proved relatively easy to confirm. However, like other investigators (e.g., Zinbarg & Revelle 1989), we have found numerous significant associations between positive incentive motivation and personality, indicating that incentive motivation and personality are indeed related, albeit seemingly in a highly complex manner.…”

Section: Does Extraversion Predict Positive Incentive Motivation?mentioning

confidence: 46%

Steps to a neurochemistry of personality

Lawrence¹,

Koepp²,

Gunn³

et al. 1999

Behav Brain Sci

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Extraversion has two central characteristics: (1) interpersonal engagement, which consists of affiliation (enjoying and valuing close interpersonal bonds, being warm and affectionate) and agency (being socially dominant, enjoying leadership roles, being assertive, being exhibitionistic, and having a sense of potency in accomplishing goals) and (2) impulsivity, which emerges from the interaction of extraversion and a second, independent trait (constraint). Agency is a more general motivational disposition that includes dominance, ambition, mastery, efficacy, and achievement. Positive affect (a combination of positive feelings and motivation) is closely associated with extraversion. Extraversion is accordingly based on positive incentive motivation.Parallels between extraversion (particularly its agency component) and a mammalian behavioral approach system based on positive incentive motivation implicate a neuroanatomical network and modulatory neurotransmitters in the processing of incentive motivation. A corticolimbic-striatal-thalamic network (1) integrates the salient incentive context in the medial orbital cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus; (2) encodes the intensity of incentive stimuli in a motive circuit composed of the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area dopamine projection system; and (3) creates an incentive motivational state that can be transmitted to the motor system.Individual differences in the functioning of this network arise from functional variation in the ventral tegmental area dopamine projections, which are directly involved in coding the intensity of incentive motivation. The animal evidence suggests that there are three neurodevelopmental sources of individual differences in dopamine: genetic, "experience-expectant," and "experience-dependent." Individual differences in dopamine promote variation in the heterosynaptic plasticity that enhances the connection between incentive context and incentive motivation and behavior.Our psychobiological threshold model explains the effects of individual differences in dopamine transmission on behavior, and their relation to personality traits is discussed.Keywords: behavioral sensitization; dopamine; extraversion; heterosynaptic plasticity; incentive motivation; neurobiology; personality the behavioral, emotional, and motivational characteristics of extraversion. Next, we identified a mammalian behavior pattern with corresponding characteristics, as described in the psychological and ethological literatures. Once an analogous motivation was identified, animal neurobiological research provided empirical links to its neural organization and neurochemical modulation. These hypotheses were then extended to humans and subjected to empirical tests. Extraversion: Central characteristics and underlying motivationExtraversion is a higher-order trait that is derived from a set of correlated lower-order traits. The lower-order traits are measures of behavioral and emotional characteristicssuch as social dominance, positive emo...

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Personality and conditioning: A test of four models.

Cited by 72 publications

References 50 publications

The influence of personality on neural mechanisms of observational fear and reward learning

The influence of personality on neural mechanisms of observational fear and reward learning

The Moderating Role of Personality on Workplace Conflict and Outcomes

Steps to a neurochemistry of personality

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