Personality traits among ADHD adults: implications of late-onset and subthreshold diagnoses

Faraone, Stephen V.; Kunwar, Arun Raj; Adamson, Joel J.; Biederman, Joseph

doi:10.1017/s0033291708003917

Cited by 123 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Our findings also support previous studies that have found associations between subthreshold levels of ADHD and negative outcomes 26, 31, 37, 38, 45, 46, 84. In this study, more boys and girls at the screen‐intermediate level displayed psychosocial problems than did their screen‐negative peers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls

Selinus

Molero

Lichtenstein

et al. 2016

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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ObjectiveTo examine the association between different levels of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and sex differences in psychosocial outcomes during adolescence.MethodSwedish children (n = 4635) were screened for neuropsychiatric symptoms at age 9 or 12. ADHD symptoms were divided into three levels: screen‐negative, screen‐intermediate, and screen‐positive. At follow‐up (age 15), parents and teenagers filled out questionnaires regarding (i) hyperactivity/inattention, (ii) peer problems, (iii) school problems, (iv) internalizing problems, (v) antisocial behaviour, (vi) alcohol misuse, and (vii) drug misuse. All outcomes were controlled for symptoms of diagnostic categories other than ADHD.ResultsIncreasing levels of ADHD symptoms in childhood were associated with higher proportions of adolescents who displayed negative psychosocial outcomes. More girls than boys reported internalizing problems (all levels) and risky drug use (screen‐intermediate and screen‐positive only). More boys reported antisocial behaviour at the screen‐negative and screen‐intermediate levels, but at the screen‐positive level, similar proportions of girls and boys displayed antisocial behaviour.ConclusionThe findings support the view that ADHD symptoms, as well as their negative outcomes, are dimensionally distributed in the population and that adolescent girls and boys display different risk profiles. The findings confirm that ADHD symptoms are associated with higher risk of drug misuse in girls.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls

Selinus

Molero

Lichtenstein

et al. 2016

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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“…Character scores, defined as conceptual tools for handling oneself and others (Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness), were extremely low in both groups, and personality disorders (PDs) according to the DSM-IV were found in the majority of adults diagnosed with ASDs and/or AD/HD. These results have recently been replicated for subjects with AD/HD (Faraone et al, 2009). Low scores in Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness have also been related to feelings of distrust or anger and to direct aggressive expressions, both in clinical groups (Fassino et al, 2001) and in community-based samples (Yoo et al, 2006), and specific associations have been noted between low character scores and self-injurious behaviours (Evren and Evren, 2006;Favaro et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Life History of Aggression scores are predicted by childhood hyperactivity, conduct disorder, adult substance abuse, and low cooperativeness in adult psychiatric patients

Hofvander

Ståhlberg

Nydén

et al. 2011

Psychiatry Research

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“…Our results are in agreement with other studies that directly investigated etiological and pathophysiological markers of ADHD. Evidence from epidemiological studies (Scahill et al 1999), structural neuroimaging studies (Shaw et al 2011), clinical trials (Rapoport et al 1980;Surman et al 2010) and personality traits (Cho et al 2009;Faraone et al 2009) suggest similar patterns of effects between subthreshold and clinical cases. This evidence that ADHD is best seen as a dimension rather than a category has potentially important clinical implications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms underpinning inattention and hyperactivity: neurocognitive support for ADHD dimensionality

et al. 2014

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Background. Taxometric and behavioral genetic studies suggest that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is best modeled as a dimension rather than a category. We extended these analyses by testing for the existence of putative ADHD-related deficits in basic information processing (BIP) and inhibitory-based executive function (IB-EF) in individuals in the subclinical and full clinical ranges. Consistent with the dimensional model, we predicted that ADHD-related deficits would be expressed across the full spectrum, with the degree of deficit linearly related to the severity of the clinical presentation.Method. A total of 1547 children (aged 6-12 years) participated in the study. The Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) was used to classify children into groups according to levels of inattention and hyperactivity independently: (1) asymptomatic, (2) subthreshold minimal, (3) subthreshold moderate and (4) clinical ADHD. Neurocognitive performance was evaluated using a two-choice reaction time task (2C-RT) and a conflict control task (CCT). BIP and IB-EF measures were derived using a diffusion model (DM) for decomposition of reaction time (RT) and error data.Results. Deficient BIP was found in subjects with minimal, moderate and full ADHD defined in terms of inattention (in both tasks) and hyperactivity/impulsivity dimensions (in the 2C-RT). The size of the deficit increased in a linear manner across increasingly severe presentations of ADHD. IB-EF was unrelated to ADHD.Conclusions. Deficits in BIP operate at subclinical and clinical levels of ADHD. The linear nature of this relationship provides support for a dimensional model of ADHD in which diagnostic thresholds are defined in terms of clinical and societal burden rather than representing discrete pathophysiological states.

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Personality traits among ADHD adults: implications of late-onset and subthreshold diagnoses

Cited by 123 publications

References 55 publications

Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls

Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls

Life History of Aggression scores are predicted by childhood hyperactivity, conduct disorder, adult substance abuse, and low cooperativeness in adult psychiatric patients

Mechanisms underpinning inattention and hyperactivity: neurocognitive support for ADHD dimensionality

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