“…However, after conditioning on the pivotal value of the aggregate shock, district-level uncertainty in Gul and Pesendorfer plays the same role as aggregate uncertainty in our model. 15 Specifically, the designer's problem is equivalent to the state-independent sender case of the persuasion problem studied in Kolotilin, Corrao, and Wolitzky (2023), which specializes the general Bayesian persuasion problem of Kamenica and Gentzkow (2011) by assuming that the state and the receiver's action are one-dimensional, the receiver's utility is supermodular and concave in his action, and the sender's utility is independent of the state and increasing in the receiver's action. In the gerrymandering context, state-independent sender preferences reflect the fact that the designer cares only about how many districts he wins and not directly about the composition of these districts.…”