Perturbations and 3R in carbon management

Abstract

Perturbations in various carbon pools like biological, geological, oceanic, and missing carbon sink affect its global data, which are generally neglected or ignored in routine calculations. These natural and anthropogenic events need to be considered before projecting a sustainable carbon management plan. These plans have both general and experimental aspects. General plans should focus on (a) minimizing emission; (b) maximizing environmentally sound reuse, reduce, and recycling; (c) effective treatment; and (d) converting carbon into valuable products with atom economy. Experimental carbon management plans involving various biological and chemical techniques with limitation in terms of research level and economic feasibility. Chemical options have benefits of higher productivity and wider product range, but it suffers from its higher-energy requirements and environmental unfriendliness. In contrast to this, biological options are more selective and less energy intensive, but their productivity is very low. Hence, there is a requirement of hybrid process where the benefits of both the options, i.e., biological and chemical, can be reaped. In view of above, the proposed review targets to highlight the various perturbations in the global carbon cycle and their effects; study the currently practiced options of carbon management, specifically in light of 3R principle; and propose various new hybrid methods by compatible combinations of chemical and biological processes to develop better and safer carbon management. These methods are hypothetical so they may require further research and validations but may provide a comprehensive base for developing such management methods.

Covalently Linked Plasticizers: Triazole Analogues of Phthalate Plasticizers Prepared by Mild Copper‐Free “Click” Reactions with Azide‐Functionalized PVC

“…Azide substitution on PVC can take place either by the S N 2 mechanism at secondary alkyl chlorides or by the S N 2’ mechanism at secondary allylic chlorides, generated by thermal, photo, or chemical dehydrochlorination of PVC . Two low molecular weight compounds: 3(chloroheptyl)benzene 11 and (1‐chloroethyl) benzene 13 were selected as small molecule models for secondary alkyl and secondary allylic chlorides of PVC (Scheme ).…”

“…The covalent modification of PVC by displacing chlorine with the thiol derivatized plasticizer di(2‐ethylhexyl) 4‐mercaptophthalate (DOP‐SH) 4 , and di(2‐ethylhexyl) 5‐mercapto isophthalate ( iso DOP‐SH) was recently demonstrated by Reinecke et al The resulting materials showed good plasticization and zero migration, however the viability of using this elegant approach is restricted by the cost of preparing the thiol phthalate esters. Historically, PVC has been modified by simple nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atoms; the most common nucleophiles have been azide, thiolates, thiocyanate, hydroxide, iodide, and phthalimides . There are a number of reports of PVC being converted into PVC‐N 3 in which some of the chloride atoms have been replaced by azide groups .…”

“…Historically, PVC has been modified by simple nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atoms; the most common nucleophiles have been azide, thiolates, thiocyanate, hydroxide, iodide, and phthalimides . There are a number of reports of PVC being converted into PVC‐N 3 in which some of the chloride atoms have been replaced by azide groups . The degree of substitution depends on the polarity of the solvent, temperature, and the duration of the reaction.…”

“…The degree of substitution depends on the polarity of the solvent, temperature, and the duration of the reaction. Up to 66% displacement of chlorine atoms by azide groups can be achieved in DMF at 100 °C …”

Reduce, Reuse and Recycle in Protein Chromatography: Development of an Affinity Adsorbent from Waste Paper and Its Application for the Purification of Proteases from Fish By-Products

“…Proteases are the most widely used enzymes, covering an array of applications, from the food industry to cosmetics and medicine [25]. Trypsin and chymotrypsin belong to the serine proteases family of enzymes, which are commonly found in pancreatic extract and stomach [25,26].…”