Pertussis in Africa: Findings and recommendations of the Global Pertussis Initiative (GPI)

Muloiwa, Rudzani; Wolter, Nicole; Mupere, Ezekiel; Tan, Tina Q.; Chitkara, A. J.; Forsyth, Kevin; König, Carl Heinz Wirsing von; Hussey, Gregory

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.025

Cited by 36 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…No distinction has been made between case series, fever series, and seroprevalence studies. Numbers in parenthesis indicate the number of publications reporting the given microorganism although there was no report of pertussis, which is common in Africa [30]; the absence of reports in this review may be explained both by the exclusion of respiratory specimen testing and by the absence of accessible diagnostics. Most of the bacterial pathogens reported are well known and common in countries at all income levels (Table 7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Non-malarial febrile illness: a systematic review of published aetiological studies and case reports from Africa, 1980–2015

Elven

Dahal

Ashley

et al. 2020

BMC Med

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Background The availability of reliable point-of-care tests for malaria has heralded a paradigm shift in the management of febrile illnesses away from presumptive antimalarial therapy. In the absence of a definitive diagnosis, health care providers are more likely to prescribe empirical antimicrobials to those who test negative for malaria. To improve management and guide further test development, better understanding is needed of the true causative agents and their geographic variability. Methods A systematic review of published literature was undertaken to characterise the spectrum of pathogens causing non-malaria febrile illness in Africa (1980–2015). Literature searches were conducted in English and French languages in six databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health (CABI), WHO Global Health Library, PASCAL, and Bulletin de la Société Française de Parasitologie (BDSP). Selection criteria included reporting on an infection or infections with a confirmed diagnosis, defined as pathogens detected in or cultured from samples from normally sterile sites, or serological evidence of current or past infection. A number of published articles (rather than incidence or prevalence) reporting a given pathogen were presented. Results A total of 16,523 records from 48 African countries were screened, of which 1065 (6.4%) met selection criteria. Bacterial infections were reported in 564 (53.0%) records, viral infections in 374 (35.1%), parasitic infections in 47 (4.4%), fungal infections in nine (0.8%), and 71 (6.7%) publications reported more than one pathogen group. Age range of the study population was not specified in 233 (21.9%) publications. Staphylococcus aureus (18.2%), non-typhoidal Salmonella (17.3%), and Escherichia coli (15.4%) were the commonly reported bacterial infections whereas Rift Valley fever virus (7.4%), yellow fever virus (7.0%), and Ebola virus (6.7%) were the most commonly reported viral infections. Dengue virus infection, previously not thought to be widespread in Africa, was reported in 54 (5.1%) of articles. Conclusions This review summarises the published reports of non-malaria pathogens that may cause febrile illness in Africa. As the threat of antimicrobial resistance looms, knowledge of the distribution of infectious agents causing fever should facilitate priority setting in the development of new diagnostic tools and improved antimicrobial stewardship. Trial registration PROSPERO, CRD42016049281

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Non-malarial febrile illness: a systematic review of published aetiological studies and case reports from Africa, 1980–2015

Elven

Dahal

Ashley

et al. 2020

BMC Med

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“…52 Despite widespread availability of whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines, the burden of pertussis remains unacceptably high in the African continent. 53 This has been attributed to factors such as a lack of disease awareness and surveillance, diagnostic limitations and low prioritisation of this disease by policy makers. Intensified efforts to promote greater coverage with three primary doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines and booster doses in older children and adolescents in Africa is also required.…”

Section: Ensure Laboratory Diagnostics For Sepsis Are Affordable and mentioning

confidence: 99%

How to close the maternal and neonatal sepsis gap in sub-Saharan Africa

et al. 2020

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“…Although vaccinations have reduced the mortality and morbidity rates associated with this pathogen, variations in the pathogen is reducing the efficacy of the vaccine and increasing its re-emergence globally 61 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeography and Resistome Epidemiology of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Africa: A Systematic Review and Genomic Meta-Analysis from a One-Health Perspective

Sekyere

Reta

2020

Preprint

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Objectives/Backgrounds: Antibiotic resistance (ABR) remains a major threat to public health and infectious disease management globally. However, ABR ramifications in developing countries is worsened by limited molecular diagnostics, expensive therapeutics, inadequate skilled clinicians and scientists, and unsanitary environments. Methods: Data on specimens, species, clones, resistance genes, mobile genetic elements, and diagnostics were extracted and analysed from English articles published between 2015 and December 2019. The genomes and resistomes of the various species, obtained from PATRIC and NCBI, were analysed phylogenetically using RAxML and annotated with Figtree. The phylogeography of resistant clones/clades was mapped manually. Results & conclusion: Thirty species from 31 countries and 24 genera from 41 countries were respectively analysed from 146 articles and 3028 genomes. Genes mediating resistance to β-lactams (including blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-48/181), fluoroquinolones (oqxAB, qnrA/B/D/S, gyrA/B and parCE mutations etc.), aminoglycosides (including armA, rmtC/F), sulphonamides (sul-1/2/3), trimethoprim (dfrA), tetracycline (tet(A/B/C/D/G/O/M/39)), colistin (mcr-1), phenicols (catA/B, cmlA), and fosfomycin (fosA) were mostly found in Enterobacter spp. and K. pneumoniae, and also in Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter baumannii, etc. on mostly IncF-type, IncX3/4, ColRNAI, and IncR plasmids, within IntI1 gene cassettes, insertion sequences and transposons. Clonal and multiclonal outbreaks and dissemination of resistance genes across species, countries and between humans, animals, plants and the environment were observed; E. coli ST103, K. pneumoniae ST101, S. enterica ST1/2 and V. cholerae ST69/515 were common strains. Most pathogens were of human origin and zoonotic transmissions were relatively limited. One Health studies in Africa are needed.

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Pertussis in Africa: Findings and recommendations of the Global Pertussis Initiative (GPI)

Cited by 36 publications

References 36 publications

Non-malarial febrile illness: a systematic review of published aetiological studies and case reports from Africa, 1980–2015

Non-malarial febrile illness: a systematic review of published aetiological studies and case reports from Africa, 1980–2015

How to close the maternal and neonatal sepsis gap in sub-Saharan Africa

Phylogeography and Resistome Epidemiology of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Africa: A Systematic Review and Genomic Meta-Analysis from a One-Health Perspective

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