Pervitin als leistungssteigerndes Mittel

Lehmann, Günther; Straub, H.; Szakáll, A.

doi:10.1007/bf02011946

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This closely resembles Lehmann’s description of a conscious ‘skirmish’ in performance regulation and protection of homeostatic reserve between the sum of negative feedback on the one hand and motivation and willpower on the other 151. In line with the core assumptions of the CGM and DMT discussed previously, an increasing threat to homeostasis will strengthen the relationship between interoceptive cues and core affect, constrain the desire to tap into a protected reserve and increasingly replace the motivational drive to engage in further goal-pursuit with a powerful affect-laden drive to disengage from further goal-pursuit, thereby leaving continued, but temporally limited, goal-striving to an act of volition or will.…”

Section: Reviewsupporting

confidence: 68%

Towards a three-dimensional framework of centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour: a narrative review

2017

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The Central Governor Model (CGM) ignited a paradigm shift from concepts of catastrophic failure towards central regulation of exercise performance. However, the CGM has focused on the central integration of afferent feedback in homeostatic control. Accordingly, it neglected the important role of volitional self-regulatory control and the integration of affective components inherently attached to all physiological cues. Another limitation is the large reliance on the Gestalt phenomenon of perceived exertion. Thus, progress towards a comprehensive multidimensional model of perceived fatigability and exercise regulation is needed. Drawing on Gate Control Theory of pain, we propose a three-dimensional framework of centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour, which differentiates between sensory, affective and cognitive processes shaping the perceptual milieu during exercise. We propose that: (A) perceived mental strain and perceived physical strain are primary determinants of pacing behaviour reflecting sensory-discriminatory processes necessary to align planned behaviour with current physiological state, (B) core affect plays a primary and mediatory role in exercise and performance regulation, and its underlying two dimensions hedonicity and arousal reflect affective-motivational processes triggering approach and avoidance behaviour, and (C) the mindset-shift associated with an action crisis plays a primary role in volitional self-regulatory control reflecting cognitive-evaluative processes between further goal-pursuit and goal-disengagement. The proposed framework has the potential to enrich theory development in centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour by emphasising the multidimensional dynamic processes underpinning perceived fatigability and provides a practical outline for investigating the complex interplay between the psychophysiological determinants of pacing and performance during prolonged endurance exercise.

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Section: Reviewsupporting

confidence: 68%

Towards a three-dimensional framework of centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour: a narrative review

2017

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“…In the 1930s, Lehmann et al (1939) gave three young men methamphetamine (a strong centrally acting stimulant then sold legally in tablet form) and found that, although the drug had minimal cardiovascular and metabolic effects, their endurance performance was extended substantially. This observation led the authors to propose that, when individuals decide to discontinue the exercise in the absence of the drug, there is always an energy reserve that is left unused.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, they postulated that the point at which exercise terminates is 'never an absolute fixed amount of work' (Lehmann et al, 1939, p. 690); instead, exercise is stopped when the balance between positive factors (such as determination and willpower) and negative factors (such as muscle pain and fatigue) tips toward the latter. Lehmann et al (1939) considered the energy reserve a safety buffer, noting that by abolishing the subjective barrier (i.e. interfering with the balance between the positive and negative factors), the drug can pose a risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, the search for the factors that regulate and limit exercise performance has proceeded in various directions, with some researchers concentrating on processes within the working muscles and others taking a broader, integrative view akin to the perspective adopted by Lehmann et al (1939). Synthesis of the various perspectives into a unifying model, however, has been elusive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1771(Gandevia, -1772 and, therefore, 'exercise stops when the muscle has not fatigued sufficiently at a peripheral level to limit the performance of the task' (Gandevia, 2001(Gandevia, , p. 1772. Echoing the rationale suggested six decades earlier by Lehmann et al (1939), Gandevia (2001) speculated that this premature termination likely confers an 'evolutionary advantage' as the continuation of exercise would put the muscle in a 'catastrophic state' from which recovery would be 'delayed or impossible' (Gandevia, 2001(Gandevia, , p. 1772.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamics of pleasure-displeasure at the limit of exercise tolerance: conceptualizing the sense of exertional physical fatigue as an affective response

Hartman

Ekkekakis

Dicks

et al. 2018

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The search for variables involved in the regulation and termination of exercise performance has led to integrative models that attribute a central role to the brain and utilize an array of psychological terms (e.g., sensation, perception, discomfort, tolerance). We propose that theorizing about exercise regulation would benefit by establishing crossdisciplinary bridges to research fields, such as affective psychology and neuroscience, in which changes along the dimension of pleasure-displeasure are considered the main channel via which homeostatic perturbations enter consciousness and dictate corrective action (slowing down or stopping). We hypothesized that ratings of pleasure-displeasure would respond to the severity of homeostatic perturbation and would be related to time-to-exhaustion during exercise performed at an unsustainable intensity. In a within-subjects experiment (N=15, 13 men and 2 women, age 23.4±2.2 y; peak oxygen uptake 46.0±8.0 ml·kg−1·min−1), we compared the slope of ratings of pleasure-displeasure (acquired every one min) during cycling exercise at a power output 10% above critical power until volitional termination under glycogen-loaded and glycogen-depleted conditions. As hypothesized, ratings of pleasure-displeasure declined more steeply under glycogen depletion (p=0.009, d=0.70) and correlated closely with time-to-exhaustion under both glycogen-loaded (r=0.85; p<.001) and glycogen-depleted conditions (r=0.83; p<.001). We conclude that in exercise, as in other domains, changes in pleasure-displeasure may be the main channel via which homeostatic perturbations enter consciousness. This proposal may have important implications for conceptualizing and identifying the neurobiological mechanisms of the sense of exertional physical fatigue.

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Kaffeewirkung bei sportlichen �bungen

Eichler

1949

Naunyn - Schmiedebergs Arch

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Pervitin als leistungssteigerndes Mittel

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Towards a three-dimensional framework of centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour: a narrative review

Towards a three-dimensional framework of centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour: a narrative review

Dynamics of pleasure-displeasure at the limit of exercise tolerance: conceptualizing the sense of exertional physical fatigue as an affective response

Kaffeewirkung bei sportlichen �bungen

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