Pest species of a fungus gnat genus Bradysia Winnertz (Diptera: Sciaridae) injuring agricultural and forestry products in Japan, with a review on taxonomy of allied species

Abstract

Agricultural and forestry pest species of the Bradysia tilicola group from Japan were revised taxonomically after examination of the type specimens. A sciarid pest of Welsh onion occurred from northern Saitama, Japan since 2014 and later from south‐eastern Gunma, Japan, was identified as B. odoriphaga Yang & Zhang, 1985, sp. rev. It was removed from synonymy of B. cellarum Frey, 1948, being the first record of the species from Japan. Bradysia agrestis Sasakawa, 1978, was assigned to be a junior synonym of B. impatiens (Johannsen, 1912). Bradysia paupera Tuomikoski, 1960, sp. rev., was removed from synonymy of B. impatiens and was recognized as a distinct species. We also compiled their host plants and fungi hitherto reported from Japan. Bradysia impatiens was here recorded from an indoor facility of cloud ear fungus, Auricularia polytricha (Montagne) Sacc., for the first time. At least 19 cultural crops belonging to 12 plant and fungal families were reported as actual and potential hosts of B. impatiens. We suggested that B. impatiens and B. paupera might have been confused in studies of mushroom production in Japan. Further survey of distribution of B. paupera in Japan needs to be done.

Artificial Diet Influences Population Growth of the Root Maggot Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae)

“…The larvae of B. impatiens inhabit various groups of plant and fungi, for instance, Chinese chive, oyster mushroom and cucumber ( Zhang et al 2008 , Liu et al 2015b , Sueyoshi and Yoshimatse 2019 , Gou et al 2020 b). The current experiments were designed to assess how the three main host plants and VC affect B. impatiens population growth by replacing Chinese chive and oyster mushroom with cucumber, or by reducing the amount of Chinese chive, oyster mushroom, and cucumber, or by increasing VC supplement.…”

“…Bradysia difformi s Frey was assigned to be a junior synonym of Bradysia impatiens Johannsen ( Mohrig et al 2013 , Ye et al 2017 , Sueyoshi and Yoshimatse 2019 ), which is an emerging pest in agricultural and forestry worldwide in Asia, Europe, North America, South America, and Africa with an extensive range of hosts ( Hurley et al 2010 ). In China, it was recorded on edible fungi ( Zhang et al 2008 , Shen et al 2018 ) and important vegetables, such as chive ( Allium tuberosum Rottl.…”

“…viridulum Baker), spring onion ( Allium fistulosum L.), and broad bean ( Vicia faba L.) ( Gou et al 2015a , Zhang et al 2016 ). It is reported that the larvae of B. impatiens (also known as B. agrestis Sasakawa, 1978) injured cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) in Japan, and caused heavily losses ( Sueyoshi and Yoshimatse 2019 ). Bradysia impatiens has the characteristics of short developmental duration (about 21 d from egg to adult in growth chambers at 25°C when fed on Chinese chive) ( Liu et al 2015a ) and high fecundity ( Shen et al 2018 ).…”

Effects of four constant temperatures on the development of two Bradysia (Diptera: Sciaridae) species

“…The root maggot Bradysia species (Diptera: Sciaridae) has a small body size and rapid reproduction with overlapped generations in the protected fields, occurs four to six generations a year and overwinters at 3rd larval or pupal stage in the base of the Chinse chive rhizomes and the surrounding soils in the open fields (Li et al, 2015;Wu et al, 2016). The larvae have four instars and attack plants with creeping stems, resulting in deterioration of stem elongation, poor growth, blackening of flower and withering (Sueyoshi & Yoshimatsu, 2019). As their eggs, larvae and pupae live in soils or hide in host bulbs, it is difficult to control.…”

“…It attacks more than seven plant families and 30 species, such as Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum), garlic (A. sativum), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum) and causes host moisture loss, stem rot, yellowing of leaves and even death (Mei et al, 2004). Bradysia impatiens, also known as B. difformis Frey (Arimoto et al, 2018;Mohrig et al, 2013;Sueyoshi & Yoshimatsu, 2019;Ye et al, 2017), was first detected on edible fungi in Yunnan Province of China in 2009. It damages Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum), lily (Lilium brownii), carrot (Daucus carota), Phalaenopsis (Phalaenopsis aphrodite), strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus robusta) (Cheng et al, 2018;Menzel et al, 2003).…”