Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: a review of currently available molecular epidemiological data, 2020

Dundon, William G.; Diallo, Adama; Cattoli, Giovanni

doi:10.1007/s00705-020-04732-1

Cited by 54 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…However, bioinformatics errors or laboratory contamination can lead to false signals of recombination in PPRV [39, 48]. Previous reports have also highlighted the issue of contamination in published PPRV sequences [33, 39, 48, 49], so the most probable explanation is that the recombinant PPRV genomes we identified are the result of laboratory contamination during the process of genome sequencing. However, PPRV recombination cannot be totally ruled out and should be further explored in dedicated infection experiments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…PPRV is classified into 4 genetically distinct lineages, which can be discriminated based on phylogenetic analysis of short gene regions, often a few hundred nucleotides of the N gene [31, 32]. Lineage IV viruses have dominated both the host range and geographic expansion of PPRV seen in recent years and are now replacing other lineages in many African countries [33–36]. Understanding this expansion is critical to mitigate challenges to the PPR GEP and to understand the threat of PPRV to biodiversity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus emergence in critically endangered Mongolian saiga antelope and other wild ungulates

Benfield

Hill

Shatar³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes disease in domestic and wild ungulates, is the target of a global eradication programme and threatens biodiversity. Understanding the epidemiology and evolution of PPRV in wildlife is important, but hampered by the paucity of wildlife-origin PPRV genomes. In this study, full PPRV genomes were generated from three Mongolian saiga antelope, one Siberian ibex and one goitered gazelle from the 2016/2017 PPRV outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis showed that for Mongolian and Chinese PPRV since 2013, the wildlife and livestock-origin genomes were closely related and interspersed. There was strong phylogenetic support for a monophyletic group of PPRV from Mongolian wildlife and livestock, belonging to clade of lineage IV PPRV from livestock and wildlife from China since 2013. Discrete diffusion analysis found strong support for PPRV spread into Mongolia from China and phylogeographic analysis indicated Xinjiang Province as the most likely origin, although genomic surveillance for PPRV is poor and lack of sampling from other regions could bias this result. Times of most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) were June 2015 (95% HPD: August 2014 to March 2016) for all Mongolian PPRV genomes and May 2016 (95% HPD: October 2015 to October 2016) for Mongolian wildlife origin PPRV. This suggests that PPRV was circulating undetected in Mongolia for at least six months before the first reported outbreak in August 2016, and that wildlife were likely infected before livestock vaccination began in October 2016. Finally, genetic variation and positively-selected sites were identified that might be related to PPRV emergence in Mongolian wildlife. This study is the first to sequence multiple PPRV genomes from a wildlife outbreak, across several host species. Additional full PPRV genomes and associated metadata from the livestock-wildlife interface are needed to enhance the power of molecular epidemiology, support PPRV eradication and safeguard the health of the whole ungulate community.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus emergence in critically endangered Mongolian saiga antelope and other wild ungulates

Benfield

Hill

Shatar³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Lineage II PPRV in Tanzania may have come from Uganda (12,36), however, the origin of Lineage IV may be difficult to discern as it is widely spread across the world and in East Africa (63). Of the eight countries bordering Tanzania, PPR has been reported in four: Kenya, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo and Burundi (64,65). Indeed, the existence of an informal cross border livestock trade in the eastern and southern African regions (66, 67) presents a continuous risk of PPR incursion, persistence and spread among these countries and beyond (51,65,68,69).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the eight countries bordering Tanzania, PPR has been reported in four: Kenya, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo and Burundi (64,65). Indeed, the existence of an informal cross border livestock trade in the eastern and southern African regions (66, 67) presents a continuous risk of PPR incursion, persistence and spread among these countries and beyond (51,65,68,69). Studies reviewed show that PPR is endemic throughout Tanzania, and it has had devastating effects on the small ruminant population and the livelihoods of pastoralists across the country over the last several years (36).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Current Status of Peste des Petits Ruminants Epidemiology in Small Ruminants in Tanzania

et al. 2020

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Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats with high mortality. The disease is of considerable economic importance in countries such as Tanzania, where small ruminant products are important for sustainable livelihoods. This review assesses current knowledge regarding the epidemiology of PPRV in Tanzania, highlighting the challenges with respect to control and suggesting possible interventions. Thirty-three articles were identified after literature searches using Google Scholar and PubMed. Studies revealed that PPRV is endemic in sheep and goats in Tanzania, although seropositivity has also been reported in cattle, camels, buffalo, Grant's gazelle, wildebeest and impala, but with no clinical manifestation. Three lineages (lineage II to IV) of PPRV have been identified in Tanzania, implying at least two separate introductions of the virus. Diagnosis of PPR in Tanzania is mostly by observation of clinical signs and lesions at post mortem. Risk factors in Tanzania include age, sex, species, and close contact of animals from different farms/localities. Although there is an efficacious vaccine available for PPR, poor disease surveillance, low vaccine coverage, and uncontrolled animal movements have been the bane of control efforts for PPR in Tanzania. There is need for collaborative efforts to develop interventions to control and eradicate the disease. The establishment of a national reference laboratory for PPR, conduct of surveillance, the development of high-quality DIVA vaccines, as well as execution of a carefully planned national vaccination campaign may be key to the control and subsequent eradication of PPR in Tanzania and achieving the global goal of eradicating PPR by 2030.

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“…Lineage IV is usually found in Asia, and hence, has been termed the Asian lineage [9]. A recent review of currently available molecular epidemiological data was carried out in Africa [10] and showed that since 2008, lineage IV has also been continually identified in Africa [9,11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress towards Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants through Vaccination

Zhao

Njeumi

Parida

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a transboundary viral disease that threatens more than 1.74 billion goats and sheep in approximately 70 countries globally. In 2015, the international community set the goal of eradicating PPR by 2030, and, since then, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) have jointly developed and implemented the Global Control and Eradication Strategy for PPR. Here, data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Database (FAOSTAT), the OIE World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS), Regional Roadmap Meetings, and countries’ responses to PPR Monitoring and Assessment Tool (PMAT) questionnaires were analyzed to inform on current progress towards PPR eradication. OIE recorded the use of over 333 million doses of vaccine in 12 countries from 2015 to 2018, 41.8% of which were used in Asia and 58.2% in Africa. Between 2015 and 2019, a total of 12,757 PPR outbreaks were reported to OIE: 75.1% in Asia, 24.8% in Africa, and 0.1% in Europe. The number of global outbreaks in 2019 fell to 1218, compared with 3688 in 2015. Analysis of vaccine use and PPR outbreaks in countries indicates that disease control strategies, particularly vaccination campaigns and vaccine distribution strategies, still require scientific evaluation. It is imperative that vaccination is undertaken based on the epidemiology of the disease in a region and is coordinated between neighboring countries to restrict transboundary movements. Strengthening surveillance and post-vaccination sero-monitoring at the national level is also essential. The PPR vaccine stock/bank established by FAO, OIE, and other partners have improved the quality assurance and supply of vaccines. However, to achieve PPR eradication, filling the funding gap for vaccination campaigns and other program activities will be critical.

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Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: a review of currently available molecular epidemiological data, 2020

Cited by 54 publications

References 91 publications

Molecular epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus emergence in critically endangered Mongolian saiga antelope and other wild ungulates

Molecular epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus emergence in critically endangered Mongolian saiga antelope and other wild ungulates

A Review of the Current Status of Peste des Petits Ruminants Epidemiology in Small Ruminants in Tanzania

Progress towards Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants through Vaccination

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