Pesticide and PCB residues for loggerhead shrikes in the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, 1985–88

Blumton, Arlene K.; Fraser, James D.; Young, R. W.; Goodbred, Steven L.; Porter, Stuart; Luukkonen, D. L.

doi:10.1007/bf01700988

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The hatchlings, incidental catches by commercial fishermen, loss and/or disturbance of nesting habitat by coastal development, environmental contamination, pollution, and marine debris. Chemical residues in sea turtle eggs have been a global concern (Stoneburner et al, 1980;Clark and Krynitsky, 1985;Blumton et al, 1990;Bishop et al, 1991;Sakai et al, 1995;and Vazquez et al, 1997) and there is a need for monitoring chemical pollutants in an effort to conserve sea turtle populations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Organochlorine, PCB, PAH, and metal concentrations in eggs of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta)from northwest Florida, USA

Alam

Brim²

2000

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B

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Composite samples of unhatched and physically unaltered loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, eggs collected from 20 nests along northwest Florida were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals. Chemical analyses revealed that turtle eggs contained detectable amounts of metals, PAHs, and PCBs. Only one OCP, p,p'-DDD, was detected, and its presence was restricted to eggs from two nesting sites. None of the PCB concentrations exceeded the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) action limit. Concentrations of dioxin-like PCB congeners, 105, 118, and 126, and total PCBs were also detected and are contributors to the toxic burden of loggerhead sea turtle eggs. Concentrations of PAHs, 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene, 1-methyl naphthalene, C1-naphthalene and naphthalene were variable at nesting sites. Comparison of mean metal burdens in eggs from different beaches suggested that no uniform geographic gradients exist. Presence of OCPs, PCBs, PAHs and metals and their additive or synergistic toxicity is a concern to loggerhead sea turtle eggs; however, additive or synergistic impacts for loggerhead sea turtles are largely undocumented.

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confidence: 99%

Organochlorine, PCB, PAH, and metal concentrations in eggs of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta)from northwest Florida, USA

Alam

Brim²

2000

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B

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“…Also suggested as factors in the decline of shrikes are possible deleterious effects of pesticides, principally organochlorines, on shrike eggshell thickness or on the behavioral development and hunting ability of young shrikes (Busbee 1977;Anderson & Duzan 1978;Morrison 1979;Rudd et al 1981;Blumton et al 1990). Nevertheless, no evidence of a population effect has been produced, and if pesticides have been a factor they have more likely been indirect in their effects, through longterm reduction in the abundance of insects in important prey groups (e.g., Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera), rather than directly affecting shrike mortality or reproductive performance (Lymn & Temple 1991;Yosef & Lohrer 1995 b ).…”

Section: Causes Of Declinementioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Distribution and Abundance of the Loggerhead Shrike

Cade

Woods

1997

Conservation Biology

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The Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) was once widely distributed and common over most of North America, occupying an exclusive breeding range with no other shrikes. Although it occurs in a wide variety of plant associations, this shrike is generally found in landscapes characterized by widely spaced shrubs and low trees interspersed with short grasses, forbs, and bare ground, habitats which include deserts, scrub lands, savannas, and some agricultural settings. The Loggerhead Shrike seems to have been always most abundant in the southern and western portions of its range, with high breeding densities from Florida across the gulf states to Texas and throughout the arid regions of the West. A northeastward expansion in range occurred in the late 1800s in association with deforestation and agriculture. A similar north central expansion occurred in the 1900s with agricultural development of the northern Great Plains and aspen parklands. Contraction and decrease in numbers have been noted in parts of its range since the 1940s, concurrent with the regrowth of forests, loss of pasturelands, and intensive row‐crop agriculture. More recently, Christmas Bird Count data and Breeding Bird Survey data have revealed an overall downward trend across the continent at least since 1966, although numbers are stable or increasing in some locations. Field studies generally implicate alterations in habitat structure and loss of habitat as factors responsible for changes in breeding distribution and overall abundance. Nevertheless, considering its entire distribution in North America and its historical expansions and contractions of range associated with habitat changes, the Loggerhead Shrike does not appear threatened with extinction as a species. We favor a hands‐on approach to management of the critically endangered subspecies, L. l. mearnsi and L. l. migrans, however, and recommend extensive preservation of the natural scrub desert, shrub‐steppe, western oak savanna, and southern savanna vegetation types, which appear to be optimal, core habitats for this species, as well as fostering land‐use practices that favor shrikes in agricultural and suburban landscapes.

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Chlorocarbons and Chlorohydrocarbons, Toxic Aromatics

Safe¹

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and naphthalenes (PCNs) are halogenated aromatic industrial compounds produced and marketed for a wide variety of applications. PCBs were used as heat‐transfer fluids, organic diluents, lubricant inks, plasticizers, fire retardants, paint additives, sealing liquids, immersion oils, adhesives, dedusting agents, waxes, and as dielectric fluids for capacitors and transformers. PCNs were used as waxes and impregnants (for protective coatings), water repellents, and wood preservatives. PCBs have been identified as contaminants in almost every component of the global ecosystem including the air, water, sediments, fish, wildlife, and humans. PCNs are only infrequently detected because these products had been used much less than the commercial PCBs. The toxicology of PCBs has been extensively studied and the commercial mixtures elicit a broad spectrum of toxic and biochemical responses. γ‐Lindane is a chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide that has also been widely identified in the environment. The toxic responses elicited by γ‐lindane in laboratory animals include hepato‐ and nephrotoxicity, reproductive and embryotoxicity, mutagenicity in some short term in vitro bioassays, and carcinogenicity. Only minimal data are available on the mammalian toxicities of hexachlorocyclopentadiene. The impact of environmental exposure to γ‐lindane is unknown and only minimal toxic effects have been observed in occupationally‐exposed individuals.

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Pesticide and PCB residues for loggerhead shrikes in the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, 1985–88

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

Organochlorine, PCB, PAH, and metal concentrations in eggs of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta)from northwest Florida, USA

Organochlorine, PCB, PAH, and metal concentrations in eggs of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta)from northwest Florida, USA

Changes in Distribution and Abundance of the Loggerhead Shrike

Chlorocarbons and Chlorohydrocarbons, Toxic Aromatics

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